Foods Connection Individual and Cultural Identity Essay -- Sociology

Sleep, sex, and victuals ar the three most important expectation of a human life. Each of them represents resting, reproducing, and surviving essential elements that form the foundation of human culture and society. The status of these elements always represents the social stature and cultural ideology, of the liking or dislike of people. Some standards are universal, while some are uniquely formed through generations of different cultural traditions. Food in this gaucherie might be the most simple and yet the hardest ideology of desire for anthropologists to catch. Its content is never as plain as a recipe of a cooking book, but always attached with the cultural and psychological ideology that is connected with individual and cultural identities. This paper will look at how food is connecting with individuals and cultures, as an anthropological medium.First, the connection between individual and food are the resource of individual and the potential meaning of food consume, w hich involve with biological, psychological, and cultural pauperism and understanding. In the practice of food preference, though there are biological reasons for food choices, individual preference and avoidance are mainly based on psychological and social reasons. According to Paul Rozin (1987), he agreed that genetically determined predispositions which lead to certain food choice are true, and the best-documented biological constraints are an innate preference for sweet tastes and an avoidance of bitter taste or irritation of the oropharyngeal surface (P.182.). He raised more examples of subconsciously preference of infants toward sweets and rats toward sodium salt (under the condition of sodium deficiency) to support this point of view (1987, P.182). ... ... life, food is way beyond a plain representation of basic instincts, its meaning and interaction between individual and society will always be a primary object of study in Anthropology. Works CitedBrumberg, Joan Jacobs 199 7. The Appetite as Voice. In Food and Culture A reader. Counihan, Carole and Penny Van Esterik, eds. Pp 159-179. London Routledge.Douglas, Mary 1975 Deciphering a Meal. In Implicit Meanings Essays in Anthropology. Pp 249-275. London Routledge and Kegan Paul.Harris, Marvin 1985. The Abominable Pig. In Good to Eat riddles of food and culture. Pp. 67-81. New York Simon and Schuster.Rozin, Paul 1987. Psychobiological perspectives on food preferences and avoidances. In Food and Evolution Toward a Theory of Human Food Habits. Marvin Harris and Eric B. Ross, eds. Pp.181-205, 605-606. Philadelphia synagogue University Press.

Edgar Allan Poe?s ?The Philosophy of Composition? :: essays research papers

Shortly after Edgar Allan Poe had completed his masterpiece, The Raven and sold it for $15 in 1845, he comprise an essay entitled The Philosophy of Composition. In the essay, he claims that writing a poem was a methodical process, much like solving a mathematical problem. Poe emphasized that a poem should be read and enjoyed in one sitting, thus concluding that a poem should be around coke lines long (The Raven was 108 lines long). Poe also states that his method of writing a poem consists of writing it backwards. Each section of the poem relies heavily upon alliteration and alternating intimate rhythms.      Poe used a method to appeal to both popular and critical tastes by hitting upon the most melancholic of all subjects the remainder of a charming woman. "The deathof a beautiful woman is, unquestionably, the most poetic topic in the world and equally is it beyond the doubt that the lips best suited for such topic are those of a bereaved lover". Of all the themes, he chose death, because it was an emotion that everyone can relate to. Poe believed that the most poetic use of the theme death was the death of a beautiful woman. Having the theme and subject planned out, he composed his poem backwards, adding uses of the word nevermore. The alliteration of nevermore builds tension, stanza by stanza. Poe precious to create poetry of feeling, to be able to relate the reader with the narrator.      However, it has been suggested that The Philosophy of Composition was a hoax, and it is unlikely that it is an account of his poem, The Raven. Scholars are skeptical because he enjoys revealing his secrets a little too much in that he loved to explain and analyze his writing skills.

Reconciling Injustice and Necessity: The Statesman in the Practical City :: Essays Papers

Reconciling In arbitrator and fatality The Statesman in the Practical CityWhen Socrates builds up a city in speech from grands, he allows himself the option of overlooking the more distasteful features of sincere human cities simply by omitting them from the argument. His is a city whose primary think is to shed light on the soul of an individual, and its role as a illustration allows it to contain logical conclusions which run wholly counter to the feasible practices of men. Aristotle permits himself no such luxury when he sets out to describe politics from the top big money he cannot overlook such thorny issues as slavery and pudding stone because they exist as significant features in the constitutions of men and must be dealt with by narratesmen, to whose needs Aristotle is particularly sensitive. Unlike Socrates, he cannot simply label these things inequitable in the abstract and remove them from the ideal city. Aristotle, in his own description of an ideal constitution, is scrupulously practical, even when practicality prevents him from endorsing what would seem to be the logical conclusions of his own arguments. His treatment of empire in the Politics, like his treatment of slaveryempires small cousinreflects this ability to reconcile a concept of absolute justice to the inevitable injustices of political life.It is not immediately obvious what Aristotles verdict on empire is. The institution seems to simultaneously violate several of his premises for a good city and promote others, and Aristotle sets up a comparison of the arguments for both sides to apportion this tension. On the one hand, he perceives injustice in states whose sole bearing is to conquer their neighbors, and chastises statesmen who arbitrarily enslave others for ruling without regard to the refine or maltreat of what he is doing (VII.ii.13) . He also praises the self-contained happiness of the isolationist state when he says, It is possible to imagine a solitary state whi ch is happy in itselfIt get out obviously have a good constitution (VII.ii.16). However, both these lines of reason out are incomplete condemnations of empire. The first implies only that the statesman is ultimately accountable to right and wrong in his actions and must consider this standard in his decision-making, not that imperialism is in itself always on the side of wrong. He sees the thorough isolationism of the solitary state as problematic as well, ending his description of it with, But it lead have no regard to war (VII.Reconciling Injustice and Necessity The Statesman in the Practical City Essays PapersReconciling Injustice and Necessity The Statesman in the Practical CityWhen Socrates builds up a city in speech from ideals, he allows himself the option of overlooking the more distasteful features of real human cities simply by omitting them from the argument. His is a city whose primary purpose is to shed light on the soul of an individual, and its role as a metapho r allows it to contain logical conclusions which run wholly counter to the feasible practices of men. Aristotle permits himself no such luxury when he sets out to describe politics from the top down he cannot overlook such thorny issues as slavery and empire because they exist as significant features in the constitutions of men and must be dealt with by statesmen, to whose needs Aristotle is particularly sensitive. Unlike Socrates, he cannot simply label these things unjust in the abstract and remove them from the ideal city. Aristotle, in his own description of an ideal constitution, is scrupulously practical, even when practicality prevents him from endorsing what would seem to be the logical conclusions of his own arguments. His treatment of empire in the Politics, like his treatment of slaveryempires small-scale cousinreflects this ability to reconcile a concept of absolute justice to the inevitable injustices of political life.It is not immediately obvious what Aristotles verdi ct on empire is. The institution seems to simultaneously violate several of his premises for a good city and promote others, and Aristotle sets up a comparison of the arguments for both sides to address this tension. On the one hand, he perceives injustice in states whose sole purpose is to conquer their neighbors, and chastises statesmen who arbitrarily enslave others for ruling without regard to the right or wrong of what he is doing (VII.ii.13) . He also praises the self-contained happiness of the isolationist state when he says, It is possible to imagine a solitary state which is happy in itselfIt will obviously have a good constitution (VII.ii.16). However, both these lines of reasoning are incomplete condemnations of empire. The first implies only that the statesman is ultimately accountable to right and wrong in his actions and must consider this standard in his decision-making, not that imperialism is in itself always on the side of wrong. He sees the thorough isolationism o f the solitary state as problematic as well, ending his description of it with, But it will have no regard to war (VII.

Nazism :: essays research papers

national socialism was the ideology held by the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, commonly called NSDAP or the Nazi Party), which was led by its "Fhrer", Adolf Hitler. The word Nazism is some often used in connection with the dictatorship of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945 (the "Third Reich"), and it is derived from the border National Socialism (German Nationalsozialismus, often abbreviated NS). Adherents of Nazism held that the Aryan race were superior to other races, and they promoted Germanic racial supremacy and a strong, centrally governed state. Nazism has been outlawed in modern Germany, yet small remnants and revivalists, known as "Neo-Nazis", continue to operate in Germany and abroad.Originally, Nazi was invented by analogy to Sozi (a common and passably pejorative abbreviation for socialists in Germany). The original Nazis from the era of the Third Reich probably never referred to themselves as "Nazis" and generally al trends as "National Socialists", since Nazi was most commonly used as a pejorative term. Currently some Neo-Nazis also use it to describe themselves.There is a very close kind between Nazism and Fascism. Since the term Nazism is normally used to refer to the ideology and policies of Nazi Germany alone, while Fascism is used in a broader sense, to refer to a wider political movement that exists or existed in many countries, Nazism is often classified as a particular version of Fascism.According to Mein Kampf (My Struggle), Hitler developed his political theories after carefully observing the policies of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was born as a citizen of the Empire, and believed that ethnic and linguistic diversity had weakened it. Further, he saw democracy as a destabilizing force, because it placed power in the hands of ethnic minorities, who he claimed "weakened and destabilize" the Empire, by dividing it against itself.The Nazi rationale was heavily invested in the militarist belief that great nations grow from military power, which in turn grows "naturally" from "rational, civilized cultures." Hitlers calls appealed to disgruntled German Nationalists, eager to save face for the failure of military man War I, and to salvage the militaristic nationalist mindset of that previous era. After Austrias and Germanys defeat of World War I, many Germans still had heartfelt ties to the goal of creating a greater Germany, and thought that the use of military force to achieve it was necessary.Many placed the blame for Germanys misfortunes on those, such as Jews and communists, whom they perceived, in one way or another, to have sabotaged the goal of national victory, by obtaining a stranglehold on the national economy, and using the nations own resources to control and corrupt it.

J.R.R. Tolkien Essay -- Biography Biographies Essays

J.R.R. TolkienMerely mentioning the name J.R.R. Tolkien conjures up fantasies. Though his trilogy The lord of the Rings is well known, not much else is known about the man who was a student before anything else. It is, in fact, the cult scale popularity of the trilogy that obscures the many accomplishments that marked his life. He won an exhibition, or a middle class merit scholarship, to Oxford University in 1911. By the time he attained his bachelors degree, he was conversant in seven-spot languages and had created another. His definitive translations of Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the spirt Knight are still used in colleges today. In the end, though, it will be the popularity of the trilogy for which Professor Tolkien will be remembered.John Ronald Reuel Tolkien was born(p) in South Africa to a rather well to do banker. His early life was comfortable if middle class, just it lasted only a some years. His fix died before he was five, and Tolkien spent the majority of his rem aining life in what he called genteel poverty. His linguistic genius emerged around the age of eight age his mother was tutoring him in Greek and Latin. It was around this time that Tolkien began devising a language of his own which would later develop into Elvish--a language complete with poetry and history, but not yet a people. In 1904, his mother died, leaving him and his brother orphaned and in the charge of a Catholic priest in Birmingham. by dint of this priest, the direction of his life would emerge. He met his future wife in the embarkation house where the priest had him and his younger brother lodged. Also while in the boarding house he merited a scholarship to King Edward VI High School with the recommendation of the same priest. In high school, h... ...e form of the Lord of the Rings. The bulk of the trilogy was written during the war, though it wasnt finished until 1949.For the greater portion of his days Tolkien was a respected philologist, a dedicated professor an d tutor, and a scholar above all else. In his field, he will continue to be remembered for his influence on a generation of philologists and for his contributions such as his translation of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Outside that rather small circle most people will remember him as the author of a wonderful story a few more for the language and mythologies he created.Work CitedGrotta-Kurska, Daniel. J.R.R. Tolkien Architect of Middle Earth. Philidelphia Running Press, 1976.Yeats, William Butler. The Second Coming. Modern poems A Norton Introduction. Eds.Richard Ellman, Robert OClair. New York WW Norton & Company,1989. 83.

J.R.R. Tolkien Essay -- Biography Biographies Essays

J.R.R. TolkienMerely mentioning the name J.R.R. Tolkien conjures up fantasies. Though his trilogy The original of the Rings is well known, not much else is known about the man who was a bookman before anything else. It is, in fact, the cult scale popularity of the trilogy that obscures the many accomplishments that marked his life. He won an exhibition, or a middle class merit scholarship, to Oxford University in 1911. By the time he attained his bachelors degree, he was conversant in sevensome languages and had created another. His definitive translations of Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the putting surface Knight are still used in colleges today. In the end, though, it will be the popularity of the trilogy for which Professor Tolkien will be remembered.John Ronald Reuel Tolkien was born(p) in South Africa to a rather well to do banker. His early life was comfortable if middle class, notwithstanding it lasted only a a couple of(prenominal) years. His give died before he was five , and Tolkien spent the majority of his remaining life in what he called genteel poverty. His linguistic genius emerged around the age of eight epoch his mother was tutoring him in Greek and Latin. It was around this time that Tolkien began devising a language of his own which would later develop into Elvish--a language complete with poetry and history, but not yet a people. In 1904, his mother died, leaving him and his brother orphaned and in the charge of a Catholic priest in Birmingham. through with(predicate) this priest, the direction of his life would emerge. He met his future wife in the embarkation house where the priest had him and his younger brother lodged. Also while in the boarding house he merited a scholarship to King Edward VI High School with the recommendation of the same priest. In high school, h... ...e form of the Lord of the Rings. The bulk of the trilogy was written during the war, though it wasnt finished until 1949.For the greater portion of his days Tol kien was a respected philologist, a dedicated professor and tutor, and a scholar above all else. In his field, he will continue to be remembered for his influence on a generation of philologists and for his contributions such as his translation of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Outside that rather small circle most people will remember him as the author of a wonderful story a few more for the language and mythologies he created.Work CitedGrotta-Kurska, Daniel. J.R.R. Tolkien Architect of Middle Earth. Philidelphia Running Press, 1976.Yeats, William Butler. The Second Coming. Modern poems A Norton Introduction. Eds.Richard Ellman, Robert OClair. New York WW Norton & Company,1989. 83.

Romanticism and Delacroix

Eugene Dielectrics Contri sonorouslyions to Romanticism Ferdinand Victor Eugene Delicacies was a French artist, best known for his significant contributions to the Romantic Movement during the early sass. Throughout his career as an artist, Delicacies has produced over 9,000 art works. As such the thesis for this paper will focus on acknowledging Eugene Dielectrics influence and contributions to Romanticism. Delicacies was born in Charleston-SST. Maurice, near Paris on April 1798. His father, Charles Delicacies died in 1805, followed by his mother in 1814, leaving the 16-years- old Delicacies an orphan.Arguably, having lost both parents at such an early age might have had an run on his personal look. His themes were rather dark, creating a sense of supernatural mood. Moreover he did not present life as beautiful or pretty, but rather in a mysterious and sinister manner. In 1815, Delicacies attended the school of fine arts in Paris and began t come downing with Pierre-Narcosis Gura in in the neoclassical style. However, he became strongly influenced by the more rich and colorful style of earlier artists like Peter Paul Rueben and Paolo Everyone.Such a style emphasized more on color and movement rather Han clear outline and strict form, which later became known as the Romantic style. Although Delicacies has produced numerous overweening works during this period of time, it was not until 1830 in which he came up with his best known and perhaps most influential work, Liberty Leading the People. Partly godlike by Theadore Gracialists Raft of the Medusa, Liberty Leading the People was considered as Dielectrics significant step in his romantic work.The painting clearly confirms the differences between the romantic style of painting, which emphasized color and spirit, and the neoclassical style, which emphasized line and form. In addition, symbolic solelyy, Delicacies portrayed Liberty as both a depiction of goddess, and a normal yet strong and determined womanhoo d of the people. This idea was rather new and was widely criticized at the time. Another point to acknowledge is that Delicacies chose a woman to represent liberty and freedom.This may be explained by the subprogram of women at the time, whereby a woman is basically viewed as a piece of property to a man, they have no say or opinion in any matters. Therefore, since Liberty Leading the People was initially painted to commemorate the July Revolution in 1830, which peopled Charles X of France. The metaphor of a woman trying to break free from traditional norms reflects how the French people broke away and overthrew the monarchy. The painting has been regarded as a milestone in history, marking the end to the French Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment, and the beginning of the Romantic era.Later in 1832, Delicacies Journeyed to Spain and North Africa. The main purpose of his land was not to study art, but to escape from the civilization of Paris, seeking a closer place to nature a nd in hope of seeing a divergent culture. During his travel, Delicacies became more interested in using animals as his subjects of painting (Arab Horses Fighting in a St fitted and The Lion Hunt). Displaying the raw energy and part of these animals helped in the expression of Romanticism. Later in his life, Delicacies received many commissions from government in Paris.Some of his assignments included decorating the Kings put up in Appall Bourbon, library of Chamber De Deputes, and the Chamber des Paris, as well as, the Chapel of Holy Sacrament at Saint-Denis. These assignments gave him the opportunity to follow n the footsteps of those artists he admired (Everyone, Tinderbox, and Rueben), by being able to paint on a very large scale. During this time, Delicacies was able to experiment with various surfaces and shapes domes, ceilings, semi domes, pilasters, etc. Enabling him to further exercise his imagination. However, due to the hard work and a weakening health condition, Delic acies became ill and eventually died in 1863, leaving a grand total of 9,149 works. In conclusion, it is undeniable the importance of the role that Eugene Delicacies had played in the Romantic Movement. Delicacies had the courage to challenge the norms f the neoclassical style and was able to enhance and perfect the Romantic style amidst the negative controversies from the old-school critics.Furthermore, his fretfulness for the exotic and the unconventional, which led him venturing into places like Morocco, eventually became an inspiration for the Symbolist movement. All in all, Dielectrics untamed expression of energy, and movement in his works coupled with his fixing with violent, destruction, and the tragedy of life and his unique selection of vivid colors have made him one of the most fascinating and complex artistic figures in all of arts history.

Online Banking System

1. Introduction On position margeing is an internet ground drawancy management service that allows to view our enumerate eternal sleeps and transaction tape drive coin amidst occurd narratives, initiate loan throwments, quest forego payments on checks, shape personal checks, download transaction randomness into your figurer communicate with the desire using e-mail, and bath include bill payment sue bill payment serve. On- outline storage refers to a register of cultivation (like a file on students or courses) that the computer and the mappingr backside regain immediately.The computer, in former(a) words, is directly connected to the file. A infobase is simply a collection of online(a) files to which the enforcer loafer gain price of admission Tape storage of entropy is inexpensive and reli satisfactory. Computer tape storeho mathematical functions data much like audiotape and videotape store calculates and music, attendly, in sequential order using magnetic impression on a thin film. Disk storage involves using magnetic impressions on a thin steel disk. The advantage here is that the study does non admit to be in sequential order and the user can gain advance to whatever piece of nurture immediately.Transactions Immediate Input Immediate Processing Immediate File Update On-Line Processing Online processing, which is instantaneously viridity involves proceeding and processing them immediately. On-line processing forms use disk storage, which permits immediate access to specific items of information. In on-line processing, minutes are keyed into the agreement immediately and the system responds immediately. The master file is updated continu exclusivelyy. The online has revolutionized the computer and communications world like noning before.The invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio, and computer association the stage for this unprecedented integration of capabilities. The online is at once a world wid e broadcasting capability, a mechanism for information dissemination, and a medium for collaboration and interaction in the midst of individuals and their computers with forth regard for geographical location. In this paper online several of us gnarled in the development and evolution of the share our views of its origins and narrative. This history revolves around four distinct aspects.thither is the technical evolution that began with early research on packet shift key and the Arpanet (and related technologies), and where current research continues to expand the horizons of the infrastructure along several dimensions such as scale, Performance and higher level functionality. in that respect is the surgical operations and management aspect of a international and complex operational infrastructure. There is the social aspect, which resulted in a broad community of lucres working together to create and evolve the technology.And there is the commercialization aspect, result ing in an Extremely strong transition of research results into a mostly deployed and acquir adapted information infrastructure. The online to sidereal day is a widespread information infrastructure the initial proto persona of what is often called the National (or Global or Galactic) Information Infrastructure. Its history is complex and involves m whatever aspects-technological judicatureal and community.And its influence reaches not only to the technical fields of computer communications but throughout society as we endure toward increasing use of online tools to accomplish electronic commerce, information acquisition, and community operations. 2. Importance of the study The coin banking trade has been in effect since the importance and need of finance and bills as well transaction in business. We got the banking culture in a usual form within the relationship mingled with clients and bankers. In course of beat banking became the inevitable federal agency of our daily ne cessities through out our state. affirming business always appears to fulfill the need and gadget of guests in home and abroad. Nowadays, the banking business refurbished itself in harmony with variation in nodes need and utilization. Accordingly a larger section of population is still unaware of Online coasting owing to m e rattling(prenominal) reasons and legitimate crises. More everywhere, this Online banking culture is such a culture or trend, as commonwealth ought to k straightway, considering the issue. We should go forward to work immensely in this res publica or field as though this trend or culture spreads and gets access to the realization of people in no conviction.The money embezzlement in a bank poses tense and curse to the belief of people on bank, that man be eradicated through updated, modem service ensured in change of traditional banking management, therefore, my research work regarding this banking culture index senesce the confidence, eagerness to large extent. On the contrary, this study would let the people and students be familiarized and come to a close contact in behalf of this banking system. 3. Objectives of the study The original objective of the term paper is to find out a feasible solution for the banking System of Bangladesh using a nation-wide ne dickensrk.Implementing a nation-wide Electronic banking system requires spacious investment especially for the establishment of a moxie profit. It really matters for a country like ours. But fortunately we need not go for establishing the backbone network instead the high-speed optical fiber network previously owned by Bangladesh Railway can be leased partially to escort the requirement. This work also finds round comparison study with the actual system and finally focuses on few what-if analyses. The comparison study has been founded upon some important fiscal work such as fund emote transferring, letter of belief (L/C), assuring impertinent exchange rate etc. It ma inly finds the economic benefits. The what-if analyses hit been formed using some internal matrices for performance evolution. The main objective of the term paper is to gather knowledge about the online coasting system and find out the consistency and inconsistency. I also try to ad practiced with the gap to be competent at the modem job market. The areas on which I get under ones skin tried to communicate emphasis are ? Working environment has and should be established. Identify the problems and prospects of online banking and recommends their solution. ? Justify the drive home supportive facilities, which are accustomed by online cambering ? Interaction between several(predicate) determine with-in Bangladesh ? To show the influence of environmental situation on online. 4. Methodology of the study Term paper is conclusive as well as descriptive in nature. Necessary Statistical tools lead been applied to carry out the assigned study Following methods ease up been use to accomplish this proposed solution ? raw material principles of existing banking system (Bangladesh) ? Study the major(ip) drawbacks of existing system by interviewing the current employees of contrastive banks. Interviews are mostly taken through emails and in some cases through telephone and network chat. ? Study the existing IT infrastructure of Bangladesh in context of Bank by interviewing the developer of different banking computer software vendors ? Study the E-banking system from different resources that are operational in different websites, books and online journals ? Some of the what-if analysis has been utilize to measure performance of the proposed solution. 5. limitations of the study I affirm tried out top hat to collect the maximum information from the internet and Banks but I faced some problems 1. Banks didnt rear all necessary information for their business secrecy. 2. Collecting data and preparing spread over is very expensive. 3. Times are not suffic ient for preparing a very good report. As a result, information presented on the report qualification not reflect the utmost entire reality. Few data, which are gathered from secondary sources, could not match with present situation, be driveway there was no annual report from the comp any(prenominal). . 0 Findings and Analysis 6. 1 The initial online concepts The original ARPANET grew into the online, online was based on the idea that there would be multiple independent networks of rather arbitrary design, etymon with the ARPANET as the pioneering packet switching network, but soon to include packet satellite networks ground based packet radio networks and opposite networks. The online as we now know it embodies a key underlying technical idea, namely that of have architecture networking.In this approach, the choice of any individual network technology was not telld by particular network architecture but rather could be selected freely by a provider and made to interwar with t he separate networks though a meta-level Internetworking Architecture Up until that prison term there was only one general method for federating networks. This was the traditional circuit switching method where networks would interconnect at the circuit level passing individual bits on a synchronous basis along a portion of an end to end circuit between a pair of end locations.Recall that Klein rock had shown in 1961 that packet switching was a more efficient switching method. Along with packet switching special purpose inter connectedness arrangements between networks were other(prenominal) possibility. Which there were other particular ways to interconnect different networks, they required that one be used as a component of the other, rather than performing as a peer of the other in abideing end to end service. In an open architecture network, the individual networks may e separately designed and real and each may have its own unique interface which it may offer to users and / or other providers, including other internet roviders. Each network can be designed in accordance with the specific environment and user requirements of that network. There are generally no constraints on the types of network that can be included or on their geographic scope, although certain pragmatic considerations exit dictate what makes sense to offer. introductoryally online is making up by networking of all branches. Any node can collect money or deposit any numerate of money, any branch of this bank. So modern world, online banking is call easy banking online system has two partsInternal online system. External online system. Internal online system is any customer can deposit money or collect money from any branches of this bank. And external online system is any customer can deposit money or collect money or even pay his any mixed bag of bill by ATM brain or credit tease. Online banking system is a powerful banking system for any banking transaction. For set up an o nline system need a crapper of money. So which bank has only two or collar branches dont want to set up online system. Online banking is secure.Every online bank is so confident of its technology that they guarantee the confidentiality of any transaction on the internet. Electronic payment is so easy. Just follow the instructions as outlined in the easy guide to electronic bill paying as it takes through the process. Step-by step or visit their bill payment tutorial as new things come on-line, well announce in these new area. The customer can get to it from their name page or as the customer exit online banking. They also e-mail their customers when there are changes in their bank, who has online banking system, they also have own website.In this website they moldiness have obtain of online. Any customer can take the benefit of online service from this website. Every online bank sends customers last month transaction report at their home. So check this report, to see whats cleared and what hasnt. Customers Account summary will display whether a bill payment was rejected. Mobile banking is the modify intensity of online banking. Any customer can take the benefit of online banking by phone. Any customer can enjoy the fabulous features of online banking even when they away from the bank.Mobile banking is the chichi choice for busy People on the move and if they are already on online banking customer. Its easy at no addendumal cost. Mobile Banking with a laurel wreath handheld adds an exciting new dimension to online Banking. Now customer can enjoy all the ease, convenience, privacy and security system of Online Banking through a handheld computer that fits neatly in customer purse or pocket its the monetary Imagine the freedom and control of viewing customer financial picture any time of the day of night, in the privacy of customers own surroundings. Check the balances of saving accounts, business banking accounts, lines of credit, or VISA credit card ac counts Transfer monetary resource between accounts. Check the balances and details of your loan and mortgage accounts Pay your bills, Obtain up-to- the minute account information. Online Banking is anywhere you have Internet access, so its never been more convenient to manage your finances. With online banking you can quickly and easily solution of the future and its there right now system Check your account action and balances. Transfer funds and receive and pay bills. Contribute to your RRSP and double up on your mortgage payments Plus so much more. l management Enjoy all this convenience and control within the safety, security and privacy of Online Banking 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. 6. 2 Service Provided by Online Bank Most of the online Banks have the equivalence in the run. Considering the services of banks prone, we can show the view of services offered based on the following forms prone bellow Services available Basic (Most bank offer) Advanced (some banks offer) Check account balances Apply for loans Transfer funds among accounts Download information about accounts Pay bills electronically betray stocks or usual funds View images of checks and deposit 6. 3 Description of Online banking service Online Banking Service is an electronic service provided via the Internet that permits customer clear access to Access information about certain deposits and credit accounts for which customer are authorized to view information. Transfer funds between authorized accounts. Request and receive confirmation of stop payment on a check. Enter an order for customer personal checks according to check order information on file. Download transaction information to personal financial management software or spreadsheet. Communicate with the Bank using the online Banking E-mail Feature. The service is provided free to charge except for Online Bill stipend and stop payment orders. The Bank may offer additional services in the future, which wi ll be subject to these terms and conditions as from time to time modified. Fees and charges for online Banking Services and Bill Payment will not be changed without at least 30 days prior notice and shall be charged to customer account. The service is generally available 24 hours a day, seven days a week however, the service may be unavailable from time to time for routine software and hardware maintenance or due to unscheduled down time. 6. 4 General terms and conditionsAnyone pit to indemnify, hold harmless, and defend this bank from and against any and all claims, actions, suits, judgments, and expenses ( including judicature costs and average fees of attorneys, accountants , and expert witnesses) at us sole expense, arising from us chastening to abide by the restrictions on use of the Online Banking Services set forth herein. He agrees that the following uses of the Online Banking Services are strictly prohibited Unauthorized communication of any account information to any other person or entity. Unauthorized communication of any information concerning any password or other online access number, code, or identification or any other proprietary information belonging to any other person or entity. Use of the Online Banking Services to copy or to distribute or transmit copies of copyrighted materials belonging to any other person or entity is permitted only to the extent that the owner has provided express permission to the user Permitting such activity and the Bank has also approved such use in advance. Copying or Distributing or transmitting copyrighted materials other than with permission as stipulate above is expressly prohibited. Communicating any absence or defamatory information. Use of the Online Banking Services in violation of any telecommunication, postal, or other local laws or regulations of the users Any use of the Online banking services for any purpose other than conducting banking business pertaining to us account (s) with regarding Bank. 6. 5 Limitations and liabilitiesThe Bank and its suppliers make no warranties or representations of any kind with respect to the Online Banking Services, whether express or implied including but not limited to merchantability or fitness for particular purpose and neither the Bank nor the Banks suppliers nor anyone else who has been confused in the creation, production or sales pitch of the Online Banking Services assumes any responsibilities with respect to his use thereof. No oral or written information or advice given by the Bank, the Banks suppliers or any of the Banks agents or employees shall create or increase the scope of a warranty or in any way decrease this limitation and he may not rely on any such information or advice.He explicitly agree that any liability of regarding Bank arising from the formulation of Online Banking Services is limited to the fee he paying the Bank for the transaction which gave rise to the alleged liability. He expressly waive any claims for additional consequential, incidental, compensatory or punitive damages and agree that the damage provisions set forth herein are commercially reasonable in light of the value of such Online Banking Services (including the possibility that the fees he paid hereafter may not be sufficient to in full liquidate for all losses, but such fees are in an gist as to make it impracticable for us to be responsible for greater damages).Any cause of action concerning the online banking services or online bill payment services under the agreement must be commenced within one year after such cause of action has occurred and be filled the circuit Court of the sate of Oregon for Baker country. 6. 6 How does online banking work? Online banking offers many chances for consumers to do certain transactions over the Internet. They allow them to use online features, which are available on the web such as checking their account balance and other types of transactions. To use Internet features, consu mers have to log in and type their account number with the password. This will enable them to view all the information they need of their accounts and by clicking on the type of transaction, they want. In addition to that, most online banks provide a right-hand(a) privacy of the information related to consumers and maintains security aspects.There are many services that can be presented by the banks over the Internet instead of viewing accounts for consumers around the world. Paying bills electrically is also one of the most effective features of online banking. Consumers do not need to wait until receiving mails of bills if they use the electronic way of payments. More over, online banking can serve their customers with transferring their money between accounts, which could be as a real transaction in dealing with traditional banks. They also can contact their branches over the net by sending emails if they face any problem or ask for farther information. Architecturally, bank ma y design its Online Banking system in two ways Central Server System Distributed Server SystemConsidering the facts of telecommunication infrastructure, distributed system is prefer solution. So that, one branch can do its transaction and customers can get service even if the communication is disrupted. The foreign banks in our country use central Server concept. In these systems, all the branches log in the central innkeeper and perform transactions. Solid communication line is required for central server system. If the line is down, transaction hamper2. 4 Critical evaluation of online banking. 6. 6. 1 Bill payment services This applies to all checking accounts for which Online Bill Payment Service has been demanded. He authorize regarding Bank to transfer funds in accordance with his payment indicate.Payment (s) will be deducted from his checking account and transferred to a designated vendor/merchant account based on the electronic instructions he authorize. The Bank will exe cute his request when instructed by him or his authorized representative, subject to the terms of this agreement and applicable disclosures. Consumer funds transfers are also subject to the Electronic Funds Transfer Act (EFTA). 6. 6. 2 Security procedures The Banks financial measuring rod security procedures are to request ones online banking users ID code and password. User may change his/her password at anytime while online. He agrees that any use of the Online banking services indicates his acceptance of the Banks security procedures.He agree that any request acted upon in good faith by the Bank in compliance with these security procedures whether or not authorized by him, shall be treated as his authorized request whether he paying his bills with Online Banking trading stocks with Action Direct Net Action or submitting a credit card screening online, regarding bank financial group members have gone to great lengths to ensure your confidentiality and security. They use several layers of robust security methods including encryption, firewall and quantify long outs among others to ensure his personal and financial information are kept private and confidential. With respect to his Online banking sessions, as an extra measure of security, confirmation numbers are issued with every transaction. To protect his password and online Banking session, they employ state of the art encryption technology. Encryption is presently the most effective way to achieve data security.That is why your browser must be compatible with 128-bit encryption in order to access Online Banking. Client privacy is an important issued twain to him and to them regarding Bank is committed to respecting the confidentiality of them customers personal business and information. 6. 6. 3 Recording and records The user authorizes the Bank to record electronic transmission systems between the Bank and him or any person acting on his behalf, to keep those records as long as we consider it necessar y. If the bank records about a payment are different than the users records, recordings, including, but not limited to any payment instructions received by the bank. 6. 6. 4 Methods used to make the funds transferredThe Bank may select any means for the transmission of funds which we consider suitable, including but not limited to Automated Clearing House (ACH). You should anticipate that payments made by ACH might take up to 4 days to be credited other payments may take up to 10 days to be credited. The Bank is not responsible for performance failure as a result of a delay or interruption in transfer facilities, labor disputes, power failures, equipment malfunctions, suspension of payment by another bank or payee, refusal or delay by another bank or payee to accept the funds transfer, war , emergency conditions, fire , earthquake, or other circumstances not within our control. These difficulties may extend the time when payments are credited. 6. 6. 5 Incorrect instructionHe agree t hat he are only responsible for giving them correct instructions with regard to the account his wish debited, the time of payment, the amount of the payment and the correct payee. He furthermore agree that his obligation to pay the Bank the amount of the payment made on his behalf is not excused by his failure to give us accurate or straitlaced instructions. He agrees that the Bank will not be responsible for any delay arising out of our attempt to obtain correct instructions. 6. 6. 6 Receipt, acknowledgement and consummation of request by bank Payment request are considered received by the Bank after providing he with a confirmation number for his payments (s) and his payment (s) have been confirmed as correct by him at the end of the Online Bill Payment session.The Bank must have a certain amount of notice before paying a bill. In order to execute his order to pay a bill on the equivalent day the request is received, the Bank must have the request before 1200 noon, peaceful Time, of that day. If the request to pay a bill is received after 1200 noon, Pacific Time, the request will not be made until the next banking day. 6. 6. 7 Payment of bank When the Bank makes him requested payment he authorized the Bank to automatically and immediately deduct form his checking account the amount of the payment. He also agrees that the Online Bill payment transaction fee will be automatically deducted from his account on a periodical basis. 6. 6. 8 Rejection of paymentThe Bank has a right to reject his request for a payment for reasons including but not limited to insufficient funds or uncollected funds in the amount specified in his request the Banks inability to execute the funds transfer for the reasons set out above titled Method Used to Make the Funds Transfer or incorrect or incomplete instructions given by you. He recognizes that the payee may be advised of the reason a payment is reject. 6. 6. 9 Cancellation or amendment of payment If the Bank has received his payment request and he later decides he you want to cancel or amend that payment, he may be able to revise his payment transfer instructions. He will not be able to cancel or amend his bill payment request if it has already been executed by the Bank.The Bank shall have no liability if such cancellation or amendment is not effected, and he agree to indemnify and hold the Bank harmless from any and all liabilities, costs and expenses (including court costs and reasonable fees for attorneys, accountants, and expert witnesses) the Bank may incur in attempting to cancel or amend the payment. 6. 6. 10 Confirmation of payment execution and account statement All payee payments executed will appear on his monthly checking account statement. He should review his statement, or other notice, for any discrepancies in connection with his payments. If he thinks a payment was made incorrectly form his checking account.He must contact Pioneer Bank in writing upon discovery of the defect or with in 60 days after he receive the low gear statement or notice which has the discrepancy, whichever is earlier. Failure to do so will reliever the Bank of any obligation to compensate you for his losses and expenses directly related to the erroneous payment. 6. 6. 11 Duty of reasonable care The Bank shall cause good faith and reasonable care in processing his payments. He shall similarly exercise good faith and reasonable care in observing and maintaining security procedures, in communicating payment requests to the Bank, and in reviewing Bank statements for any discrepancies. The Bank will use reasonable efforts in attempting to cause creditors to reverse any service fee or late charge, which is related to payment processing error or delay.He also understand that the Bank will not be responsible for any loss or penalty that he may incur due to lack of sufficient funds or other conditions that may prevent the withdrawal of funds from his account or cause delays of errors in his pay ments. He understand that the Bank will not honor any request to pay when there are not sufficient funds available for withdrawal of funds form his account or cause delays or errors in his payments. He understands that the Bank will not honor any request to pay when there are not sufficient funds available in his account. The Banks rules on when deposited funds are available for withdrawal are outlined in the information he received when opening your accounts (s). 6. 6. 12 Limitation of liabilityHe explicitly agree that any liability of regarding Bank arising from the provision of Online Bill Payment Services is limited to the fee he paid the Bank for the transaction which gave rise to the alleged liability. He expressly waive any claims for additional, consequential, incidental, compensatory, or punitive damages and agree that the damage provisions set forth herein are commercially reasonable in light of the value of such Online bill Payment Services (including the possibility that the fees you paid hereunder may not be sufficient to fully compensate for all losses, but such fees are in an amount as to make it unfeasible for the Bank to be responsible for greater damages) 6. 7. Features of online banking The features available from an on-line bank account are similar to those which are avail able via phone banking or visiting the local branch. on-line banking features do differ between the banks, but usually include 6. 8 The major principles are 6. 8. 1 Online Banking Principles Supplement to consumers amalgamation policy on Electronic money and Banking security 1. Providers of on-line financial services should provide sites that are secure. Secure sites should include the most effective existing protections such as passwords and encryption, and should be routinely reviewed and updated to ensure that new security features are added as they are developed. 2. financial services providers should be vigilant to get word imposters using their names or similar n ames to include consumers to reveal personal financial information. 3 .Federal and state regulations should carefully scrutinize the operate practices, security and solvency standards, and privacy policies of both on-line providers of financial services and of third-party providers, contractors and subcontractors. 4. Financial services entities should take responsibility to make the consumer whole for losses from computer abomination not caused by the consumer for security breaches for failures and losses caused by third parties selected by the financial services entity or by its subcontractors and for losses contributed to by the financial institutions overlap of customer data internally, with an affiliate, or with a third party. 5. Providers of on-line financial services should accept the responsibility to try to prevent, detect, and eradicate viruses and other security breaches.Viruses sometimes cannot be prevented, but some on-line banking contractors offered today attempt to eliminate all responsibility on the provider even to try to do so. Because a consumers ability to access funds needed for daily living can be affected by viruses and other security breaches, on-line financial services providers should accept more responsibility than is parkly accepted by web site providers of lower cost, less financially sensitive products. 6. Banks should take affirmative locomote to make on-line banking services available in neighborhoods where access to on-line services is low. This may include providing access and training in community centers, hold projects, and urban high schools, as well as other creative approaches. 7.On-line banking channels should not replace other channels that permit in-person activity unless and until there is clear evidence that all demographic groups (including age and income groups) are in fact bearing equally well served by on- line banking as by other bank channels, including brick and mortar branches. 8. Banks who provide spe cial offers to internet customers must also have an effective method to make those offers available to customers without access to the internet. 9. Access to on-line banking services should not be tied to the purchase of another product or service, or to high minimum balance requirements. 10 . Banks and insured financial service providers who accept deposits nationally should not restrict their Community Reinvestment Act areas to the physical location of their home offices. 11.Banks and other providers of on-line financial services should protect and respect consumers financial privacy. Information about account numbers, account balances, transaction patterns, specific transactions or similar information should never be provided to third parties, affiliates or internal divisions without the express permission of the customer. Material used to check permission should desirable all of the types of information that might be shared and with whom the information might be shared. 12. Bank s who use an opt-out method should provide a means to exercise the opt-out directly through the sign-up process, in addition to providing a phone numbers or other methods.The customer who knows he or she wishes to opt-out at the time of signing up for on-line banking should not have to take a separate step to do so. If opt-out is used, it must include the opportunity to opt-out from information sharing among both affiliates and internal bank departments, as well as with third parties. 13. Financial services providers should not condition the provision of on-line services upon consent to share financial information with an internal division, affiliate, or third party, except to the extent that the internal sharing of such information id both necessary for the provision of the service and fully disclosed to the consumer. 14 Financial services sites should never store information about the consumer in any location where it can be accessed by a third party.On-line financial services pro viders should fully disclose the nature and purpose of any electronic markets they propose to place in the consumers system, secure the consumers consent to place those markets, and permit the consumer to gloam to accept such markets. 15. Banks and others offering uninsured on-line financial services should prominently and effectively disclose which services, accounts, or products are not insured by the FDIC. At a minimum, insured and uninsured products should not be offered on the same screen. When linking from an insured to an uninsured product screen, special care must be taken to identify the uninsured nature of the products offered through the link. Providers should test their customer base to try the effectiveness of these disclosers.Regulators should actively enforce these requirements, and should conduct their own tests to evaluate the effectiveness of disclosers. 16. Banks and other FDIC-insured entities should never permit their names to be used by or licensed to uninsur ed entities, nor to be used by any third party in a fashion that creates an impression that a communication from the third party is from the Bank. 17. Increases in fees and changes in material terms should be accompanied by at least 30 days advance notice. The notice should be sent by a means calculated to in truth communicate the information to the customer. Posting information on the banks web site about new fees or changes in material terms is not sufficient. 18.Providers of on-line financial services should make their contracts available before the customer must give personal financial information and should make those agreements available in a form which the customer can download, print, and retain in a manner that shows what the agreement was when the consumer entered into it. 19. On-line bill payment services, whether or not associated with on-line banking, should understandably disclose on the screen which is used to schedule the payment the date and time that the payment wi ll be sent and whether the payment will be sent electronically or by ordinary mail. 20. On-line financial services providers should use the power of the electronic environment to facilitate more effective consumer discloser and education. 21. On-line banking services should meet the consumer protection and other statutory requirements and restrictions of the consumers home state. 22.Disputes arising from on-line banking and bill payment should be resolved promptly, and should be at least as prompt as the voluntary time frame of not more than five business days to re-credit disputed funds which have been developed for debit cards. 23. If an arbitration clause is used, it should permit the consumer to choose whether to agree to arbitration after the dispute arises, and should provide fair, cost-effective procedures for the consumer. 24. On-line bill payment services should not impose an earlier time for stop payments than the time the payment could be stopped if it were made by check. 25. Financial services providers who use electronic mail to communicate with their customers should provide two-way 26.Customers wishing to close their accounts should be able to do so with an instantaneous electronic transfer of funds to another designated account 27. On-line banking contracts contain to provision presuming that a consumer is in receipt of information simply because the bank has sent or posted met information. 6. 9 Types of online banking The common assumption is that Internet banking is the only method of online banking. However, this is not strictly the case, as several types of services are currently available PC Banking- The forerunner to Internet banking has been around since the late 1980s and is still widely used today. Individual banks provide software which is loaded on to an SMEs office computer.The SME can then access their bank account via a modem and telephone link to the bank. Access is not necessarily via the Internet. Internet Banking- Using a Web browser, a user can access their account, once the banks application server has validated the users identity. Digital TV Banking- Using the standard digital reception equipment (set top box and remote control) users can access their bank account. Abbey national and HSBC services are available via digital TV providers. One of its main selling points is that no account details are transmitted via the World Wide Web. Text phone Banking- HSBC has introduced this service to allow customers with text phones to check their balance, pay bills and transfer money.Internet banking can be split into two distinct groups Traditional banks and building societies use the internet as an add-on service with which to give businesses access to their accounts. 6. 10 Critical evaluation of online banking 6. 10. 1 Advantages of Online Banking For consumers ? The privacy of customers. ? Online services are available for consumers 24 hours daily during the whole week. ? Customers might give up time and ef forts of doing their finance transactions. ? It will be easy for them to view all information they need clearly and simply. ? Searching of any branch of a bank will be accessibly by online users. For Banks ? One way of attracting more customers is to use their services. Increasing the banks reputation around the world is well known by many people. ? It doesnt need to employ lots of suffer or bankers to deal with customers directly. ? Banks can deal simply with their branches all over the world with one network. 6. 10. 2 Disadvantages of Online Banking For consumers ? Some people feel uncomfortable to provide their passwords or any kind of information about their funds over the internet. ? Some websites might be difficult for consumers for the first time to check their finance. ? It is possible for banks to update their websites, which needs from consumers to type in again their data. ? It is necessary to have knowledge and skills on using the Internet. For Banks Banks may require bi g amount of money to establish a website with glossy features. ? They may lose their information if the network broke with other branches. ? Hacking and viruses will cause problems for online banking, which could broke and damage the information or 6. 11 Channels of Online Banking There are so many channels of online banking to get the online operation accomplished within a few branches of a bank in banking sector. 1. Wide area network (WAN) 2. WAN by radio link (Communication using Radio Frequency) By introducing Radio Link communication network WAN can be set up between Head office and branch office. It is a point-to-point communication network, which uses radio frequency.Radio frequency of that particular wadwidth should take the approval from Bangladesh telegraph and Telephone Board (BTTB). WAN through Radio linking provides 11 mbps bandwidth. 3. WAN by V-set (Very small Aperture Terminal) Online communication between two single nodes VSAT can be installed. For this, a fixed amount of fees is to be paid to the satellite company for renting bandwidth each year. 4. WAN by optical fiber backbone line WAN can be set up by installing a switch consisting 72 case Optic port at the place of Main Server that can make a connection directly with the Commercial Banks Head Office server by putting the Optic Fiber Line but this is very difficult and expansive. Data can be transferred and received through a continuous speed.It costs near about TK. 90 million that is lower than the VSAT connection. 5. WAN by T&T leased line These are simple copper wire leased lines provided by T&T. These connections are the most cost effective solution and provide sufficient data transmission speed up to 19. 2 kilobytes (kbps). 6. 12 The major types of business models are Brokerage publicise Infomediary Merchant Manufacturer Affiliate Community benefit Each type of those business models has individual way to be used by any business. For example. Brokerage model depends on helping both sellers and buyers with their transitions. Brokers charge for fees of doing transactions depending on the value of business. This model can be business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C) and consumer-to-business (C2B). Advertising is another kind of business models that operates with web advertising such as creating banners of the business. Infomediary model is used by a business takeed in having information about consumers and products. Online banking follows the merchant type as a business model to generate its revenue.They sell services and products such as loans, credit cards and other facilities against gaining charges and interests or commissions. It seems to be similar as traditional banks with its business model of operating their income but with electronic services it could be more simple and quicker than traditional methods. This kind of model can be business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C). This means that online banks can provide and help consumers with loans, paying bills, opening accounts, credit cards and other services. Furthermore, online banking can offer certain services for businesses with the loans that invested in such projects . 13. Current Banking Security System Security is a vital issue for all financial institutions. Banks that provide services to customer must ensure security so those customers are satisfied about bank. In a sense, bank is a business organization so it is also their responsibility to maintain everything securely. Banks also maintain lockers for safekeeping the most important valuable assets of customers. To serve that purpose, bank takes some rent from customer the same rule exists for safekeeping money, which will be also discussed in this chapter. To ensure the E-banking, there are some security principles that have to be provided by Banks.Because there are many transactions occurring in electronic media, so without securing the banking activities banks cannot run. Security pr inciples are 01. Authentication Authentication is the process by which two parties involved in a dialogue are given a guarantee that they are indeed interacting with whom they think they are interacting. Authentication might be from both sides- server authentication and client authentication. 02. Confidentiality Confidentiality deals with protecting the contents of core or data transmitted over the Internet from unauthorized people. For example, one wants to protect his/her credit card information when he/she purchases over the Internet. 03. IntegrityData integrity is related to preventing data from organism modified by an attacker. For Instance, only the credit card number is protected while the contents of the order (online) are not. Then, the attacker could potentially modify your order while it is being transmitted over the network by adding or deleting contents from the order or even changing the delivery address. 04. approachability It is also important to guarantee that aut hentic users of an e-banking site impart to get his service when he needs it. Sometimes an attacker might set up a program that continuously attempts to be authenticated by the bank. But the authentication will repeatedly fail. However, attacker would occupy precious resources of the site.These resources become unavailable to the legitimate customers of the bank. 05. Non-repudiation Non-repudiation is an attribute of secure systems that prevents the sender of a message from denying having sent it. This might very costly for e-businesses such as online trading which want to ensure that a customer will not be able to deny having requested to buy or sell securities. 7. 0 Online Banking in Bangladesh Foreign Banks 7. 1 HSBC in Bangladesh The HSBC Asia Pacific group represents HSBC in Bangladesh. HSBC opened its first branch in Dhaka on 17th December 1996, to provide personal banking services, trade and corporate services, and custody services. Through a lobal network link up by advanc ed technology, including a rapidly growing e-commerce capability, HSBC provides a comprehensive range of financial services personal, commercial, corporate, investment and private banking trade services cash management treasury and capital markets services insurance consumer and business finance pension and investment fund management trustee services and securities and custody services. HSBC is fully on line banking & without any hesitation I can say one thing that they are providing best services for the customers rather than the other foreign banks. Hexagon Hexagon is an electronic Banking system through which HSBC group customers have access to information about their relationship with the group and may transact their business.The HSBC group recognizes that in order to maintain and enhance its position as a global financial service organization, it must continue to provide and promote a sophisticated global electronic banking system to both existing and new group customers. Hexag on may be used by small and medium sized businesses, large corporate, ground high net worth individuals and retail customers. The HSBC group is committed to the success and Hexagon and has allocated significant TSV and business resources to its development, management and marketing. Hexagon is run from three electronic banking computers (EBCs) is Hong Kong (HK), Buffalo (US) and corking Britain (UK), with links to group systems such as HUB and TREATS. The main features of HexagonThe products and services offered by hexagon to customer include Current account information (CA) CA A1 Saving account information (SA) SA A1 Loan account information (LN) LN AI Credit care information (CC) CC A1 Funds transfers (PA and TR) PA/TR Payments Transfers Foreign exchange (FX) FX A1 Time deposits (TD) TD A1 Trade services Imports and exports IM/EX Report writer Documentary credits DC import The main benefits of Hexagon Hexagon gives customers direct access to there account 24 hour s a day, 365 days a year from any where in the world. Benefits for customer include ? Increase in business efficiency ? Flexibility- the system may be well-kept to the needs or particular customers ? Easy to use, training is simple and no sophisticated equipment is required. 7. 2 Standard Chartered Bank Standard Chartered Banks online banking service is known as I-Banking. I-Banking offer the convenience of managing and controlling ones banking and finances whenever he wants to, wherever its needed. I-Banking is convenient, simple and secure. I-BankingStandard Chartered Banks I-Banking facility is simple and secure and its absolutely free of charge With I-Banking, one can access any of the basic banking services he requires, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a years. I-Banking offers the following range of online service. Which makes the clients banking accessible anytime and from anywhere. I-Banking includes the following services. ? Account services ? Fund transfers ? Paym ents ? Card services. ? Personal update Private Banks 7. 3 Eastern Bank Ltd. Online Banking Flex emailprotected is the Internet banking solution that delivers the Corporate, Consumer and Investment Banking products to banks customers over the net.EBLs Internet Banking module is a secure, robust and extensible web banking solution. It is anchored on a reusable component framework that complies with industry standards. Customers will be able to transfer funds, inquired balance, and request for chequebook, pay utility bills on-line etc. Internet Banking EBL Internet banking application addresses the needs of small, individual and corporate account holders of the bank. This application provides a comprehensive range of banking services that enable the customer to meet most of their banking requirements over the net. List of Transactions 1. Account Operations and Inquiries 2. Fund Transfers and Payments 3. Utility Bill payment 4. submits 5.Loans 6. Inquires and other services 7. Session Summary Deposits ? Maintain deposits ? Request for rollover of deposits ? Request for premature closure of deposits Loans ? Loan application requests ? Initiate part of full payment of loan ? View schedules of loan payments Inquiries and other services ? Interest Rates inquiry ? Foreign Exchange Rates Inquiry ? Messages & Bulletins ? Internet Banking ? Product information ? Change password EBL with new ICT Infrastructure features Essentially, EBL was not in a well-connected situation. Data communication was limited to secluded offices in a very limited fashion. EBL now is a different scenario.EBL HO is now connected with the branches all around Bangladesh. Here is a breakdown of what the data communication infrastructure looks like today ? High Speed DDN and Radio Link connectivity between Branches and the Head Office ? Local Area Network (LAN)- providing data network connectivity at the Head Office and the Branches. ? Metropolitan Are Network (MAN)- connecting the DHK branches wit h HO, CTG branches with Agrabad and SYL branches with Chouhatta. ? Wide Area Network (WAN)- enabling the data network circle between Head Office and the Branches. ? Solid foundation over data and network security implementation. EBL Banking BenefitsFlex cube banking software automated in all branches of EBL has the adaptability for incorporating the delivery channels like, Internet Banking, Tele-Banking, ATM/POS, Home Banking, Wireless Access Protocol, Call Centre are all superb services which a customer can avail in due course. EBLs repertoire of hardware is highly sophisticated as no other banks in Bangladesh have availed this are juvenile times. The combination of hardware will help consolidate the backbone for the plethora of services provided to the customers by the Bank for the years to come. Moreover, EBL, country wish bade parting to the lackluster range of hardware, which were in use over the year. ? Anywhere 24 hours ( 7 days banking ? Internet banking, Tele banking and A TM/POS ? One cut short Shop for all you banking need. ? Significantly reduced time in banking transactions Sophisticated customer information at the fingertips and can be provided anytime. ? Online Inter-branch Transfer ? Any Branch pay order System ? Digital Signature/photo image while transacting ? Display Customers Balance, Transactions, and Statements online. ? Automatic Sweep in & out ? Locker Service Availability ? EBL 5 to 9 Extended Service ? Bill payment o Utility Service Bill o Tuition Fees o Mobile reverberate Bills ? Versatile Products availability ? Fast Cash ? Fast Loan ? Auto Loan ? Consumer Loans ? High Performance Account ? Savings Insurance Account ? monthly Income Plan ? Monthly Deposit Plan. Visa Electronic online debit card EBL Introduces the Visa Electron online debit card Unique Features 1.With EBL via Electron you can now draw cash from the Q-cash ATM network, 24 hours a day through out the year. No need to carry excess cash in you wallet. Your card is elec tronically linked to your EBL account. 2. EBL Visa Electron is also accepted at Visa merchants with Electronic P. O. S Visa Symbol, where you can pay for merchandise and services. 3. Acceptance- enkindle free acceptance at network of Q-cash ATMs currently 10 and to be expanded up to 50 by July 204 and approximately 100 POS deployed in major cities. 4. Photo card- Displays your photo & signature on front of your card for enhanced security. 7. 4 set Bank Ltd. Online Branch Banking (Any Branch Banking)The Bank has set up a Wide Area Network (WAN) across the country to provide online branch banking facility to its valued clients. Under the Scheme, clients of any branch shall be able to do banking transaction at other branches of the bank. Under this system a client will to be able to do following type of transactions ? Cash withdrawal from his/her account at any branch of the Bank irrespective or location. ? Cash deposit in/he account at any branch of the Bank irrespective of location . ? Cash deposit in others account at any branch of the Bank irrespective of location. ? Transfer of money from his/her account with any branch of the Bank.Any amount can be deposited or transferred under Prime Line. In the system, however, at present there is a limit for cash withdrawal through bearer or by account holder himself. Online Branch Banking Service Is designed to serve its valued clients. Under this system, you shall be able to do the following type of transactions ? Cash withdrawal from you account at any branch of the Bank. ? Deposit in you account at any Branch of the Bank. ? Transfer of money from you account to any other account with any Branch of the Bank. One Stop Utility Service Scheme Like any other country of the world, the people living in the urban areas of our country lead a very busy life. Time is very valuable to them.Despite this, they are to waste their valuable time at the counter of different Banks and other Institutions for payment of their monthly b ills of different utility services like electrical energy, Telephone, Water, and Gas etc. They, as such, face enormous difficulties for payment of their monthly bills in time. Such inconveniences of the urban people can be removed by making a management to collect all the bills of various utility services at One Point. setting of Services With this end in View, Prime Bank Limited has introduced a turning away entitle One Stop Utility Services Scheme. The scheme is designed to provide all the required services to the customer in making payment of their following bills on their behalf from the counter of the Bank ? To pay Electricity Bills ? Cash deposit in his/her account at any branch of the Bank irrespective of location. Cash deposit in others account at any branch of the Bank irrespective of location. ? Transfer of money from his/her account with any branch of the Bank. ? Any amount can be deposited or transferred under Prime Line. In the system, however, at present there is a l imit for cash withdrawal through bearer or by account holder himself. Main features of Master Card Credit ? Prime bank ensure high level of security by inserting your photograph on the card. ? 20 to 50 days credit from the data of transaction. When you receive you monthly statement, you can either choose to pay in full or just minimum due amount shown on the statement. No interest in charged if you pay in full within payment due date. 24 hours a day, 365 days world wide service. ? No joining/administrative fees. ? Waiver of annual fees for International Card If you accumulate 20,000 Prime Bank bounty Point for you Gold Card or 10,000 Bonus Point for you Silver Card in a year then you enjoy our Card without fees ($1 purchase 1 Bonus). ? Waiver of annual fee for Local Card If you accumulate 10,000 Prime Bank Bonus Point for you Gold Card or 8,000 Bonus Point for you Silver Card in a year then you enjoy our Card without fees (Tk. 50/- purchase 1 Bonus Point). ? The Highest Prime Bank Bonus Point holder can enjoy free air ticket Dhaka-Bankok-Dhka. (Business Class) ? Cash advance facilities. 1, 39, 00,000 locations accept Master Card worldwide. Facilities available wide the card The card can be used for a. Making payments to Merchants against purchase of all goods and services by the Cardholder from Merchant(s) and b. Availing Cash Advances i. From any of PBL Branches or any member of Master Card of any Merchant authorized to make Cash Advances as may be agreed upon by PBL or ii. By the use of the Card on any ATM of PBL or of Master Card. Subject to these terms and conditions and in compliance with such requirements, PBL, any Merchant or Master card may impose limitations and procedures as from time to time. 8. Role of GovernmentThis is particularly important for countries like Bangladesh where very little has been done in development these technologies and skills to promote and support online banking. The government can take the following policies to promote onli ne banking in our country 1. The intergovernmental agreement for harmonizing the rules and regulations that can help in unstable transformation of the world economy and expansion of a unified world market. 2. The regulations should simply foster competition, protect intellectual property and privacy, and prevent fraud to do businesses under whatever terms they agree upon. An international uniform commercial code is needed to simplify and encourage electronic commerce under arranged rules and rights. 3. Govt. an undertake perfect initiatives to construct feasible, platform of information technology within affordable capacity. Financial allocation should be more widen for global standard banking technology. 4. Adequate number of bank employee will have both computer and banking aptitude and cognizance, suitable in the banking perspective to improve the banking sector. 5. Tele-communication sector is pre-conditions to make winged online banking services. Unfortunately a tale-communi cation service of govt. is yet to reach to remote and rural area. 6. Frequent inflow of information technology in the shape of broad band internet access, sub-marine optical fiber utility processed, might be patronized by govt. apidly to step ahead in respect to information technology for sweetening of blessing of on line banking. As well, this linkage of internet service will be encouraging for implementation of online banking in Bangladesh. 7. A project of software development should be under process to continue the function of banking software and expertise of banking network. Thus, banks and bankers enjoy creating creditable, demanding and world standard services for the shake of greater interest of nation and economy. 9. Conclusion The main objective of this term paper was to come up with a feasible proposal for implementing nationwide E-banking as well as ensure security.To ensure security we proposed some of the security features that need to be implemented in various levels of the proposed infrastructure like application level security, IP level security, user level authentication as well as employee level authentication as it is very much needed to keep tip who is responsible for transferring money from one account to another account. We have analyzed the problems of existing system and shown that our proposed system can overcome most of the existing problems soon in our country accessing and transferring fund from remote area is a difficult and time-consuming task. Naturally it now takes 3 to 25 days. The key point is to placard that the fund to be transferred is kept idle for the delay period.The proposed framework very clearly shows that it is a huge loss of money when considered collectively. So, it gains a remarkable save both for the customers and banks. Letter of Credit (L/C) is an important service of a bank. It is directly involved in foreign trade. The more efficient and cost-effective the L/C operation is the better opportunity comes fo r foreign trade affairs which is a prime factor to escalate the national economy. Basically an L/C operation comprises of a number of sequential steps. Information Passing required for an L/C operation is now done by foreign courier services like DHL, FedEx etc. It requires much time compared with the electronic transaction.Moreover, an amount of TK 1000/= (on an average) is spent per L/C. Proposed online transaction system cuts down this charges almost to zero. It contributes a lot when a large number of L/C is considered (i. e. total no. Of L/C of a branch in a year). At the same time due to reduced processing time it increases the no. of L/C transaction. It is very frustrating to note that now few banks deceives the Central Bank by giving a wrong calculation of its total deposit. So, they deposit less money as CCR to the Central Bank. In our proposed infrastructure, the Central Bank is given the supreme mandate for any required information from any bank at any time without delay. It removes the risk of escaping or misleading the deposit of proper CCR amount. As a result Bangladesh Bank would be properly benefited. CIB (Credit Information Bureau) generation is another important factor especially for inland trading loan. soon the process of CIB report generation is very complicated and time-consuming. Proposed system maintains an integrated database with his past transactions record. So it becomes a matter of few clicks and prints to generate CIB report. alike faster computation it also assures that the information is authentic and updated. Another important factor for banking services is updating foreign exchange rate.Now each day the Central Bank announces the rates. Each bank gets information on an interval of 30 minutes. It ensures some sort of unexpected loss/profit for both banks and customers. The suggested system maintains a complete connectivity among all banks so the foreign exchange rate is always updated at each bank. 10. Recommendations As this research-based study on the Online banking lets me a provision to come to the closest contract of the original plot of this banking system. There are some recommendations to improvise the On-line banking in our country. 1) Autonomous Banking culture, reducing dependence on manual service, should be in abundance irrespective of govt. and non-Govt. rganization in association with SWIFT to bring about the whole banking service for massive well being of people. 2) The report of taskforce with the title of Banking sector reform committee with 21 major clauses on score of extinction of horrendous and problem some context that usurps our banking sector, has elaborately expressed the imminent enactment of suggestions of taskforce for the be

Mun Resolution Draft

FORUM General Assembly, Human Rights QUESTION OF The Treatment of children in atomic number 18as of build up conflict SUBMITTED BY Mexico The General Assembly, Deeply Disturbed by the recent number of massacres of citizens including children in Syria since the anti-regime uprising in March 2011, Noting with Deep Concern that the Syrian government has repeatedly and regularly violated its ceasefire conditions, which is causing escalating tension and possibly leading to civil war,Referring to Article 4 of the UNs Convention on the Rights of the Child, there lies a responsibility inwardly every government to impose the measures necessary to take care that all childrens rights are fulfilled and protected, Acknowledging the UNs recent efforts in efficiently carrying out punishments on persistent violators of childrens rights to ensure that they are stopped and that these children receive the justice they deserve, as in the case of the trial of former Liberian President Charles Taylor, Confident that the only possibility for violent forces to be stopped is to demobilize them by removing their weapons and placing leaders of these forces in detainment, Alarmed by the large numbers of children that remain incarcerated in Israel, South Africa, Tanzania and the United States of America, Bearing in mind that there is no lost generation, and the fact that many child soldiers were pressurized under horrifying conditions as children,Deeply concerned by governments that continue to use, produce and contain cluster munitions, which target civilians and are a direct threat to the lives of children. 1. Requests the Syrian government to abide by the ceasefire conditions and to accelerate its implementation of its peace plan 2. Calls upon NGOs and governments to conjointly send immediate relief to Syria and establish child-friendly spaces (CFS) to protect and ensure the rights of children . Encourages governments and NGOs to continue establishing more IDP fairs to reintegrate d isplaced families into the community and a regular way of life history 4. Calls for further reintegration and rehabilitation policies and strategies that focus on tolerance rather than prejudice, and in which children are consulted and their strengths built upon, encouraged to break with previous violence, and specific issues such as female needs are addressed 5.Suggests that gender-sensitive strategies are designed and implemented to address the rights of children, which includes establishing a minimum legal marriage age and protecting children from versed exploitation, harmful cultural practices and abuse 6. Recommends governments to review legislation and repeal laws that punish and discriminate refugees and other victims of war 7. Further recommends the immediate and unconditional released of minors from prison house in all countries concerned 8.Expresses its hope that in the future NGOs and governments will send immediate relief to an affected area in the early stages of arme d conflict to ensure the least possible number of casualties 9. Encourages governments and NGOs to recognize the potential of the media in raising awareness of situations in areas of armed conflict, and in turn assists in receiving donations from the general public 10. Strongly urges governments of countries in armed conflict to impose bans on, restrict import of, and forcibly remove weapons from all citizens 11.Calls for developed countries to respond positively, in the spirit of burden-sharing, to requests for asylum 12. Deplores the denial of humanitarian aid to children in armed conflict by warring parties 13. Requests that the impacts of economic sanctions on children are reassessed and monitored, and that all children are provided with access to food, shelter, emergency water, sanitation and hygiene and emergency education 14. Trusts that all states are placing this issue above all forms of politics, and will cooperate to ensure that the rights of children in areas of armed co nflict are defended.

Book Report: Thus Spoke Zarathustra Essay

The BookThe controversial fiction book of Existentialist Friedrich Nietzsche name Thus Spoke Zarathustra was originally written in Ger adult male in late Eighteenth Century. This fiction book, which was completed between 1883 and 1885, tells about the authors philosophy of the eternal recurrence of the same, his most contentious story on the death of divinity, and his introduction of the impression of the over universe (Repeboom, 2001).Thus Spake Zarathustra represents the philosophy of its own author, as well as his invention of ethics and morality which fit in to him must be taken into account by men. The books main grammatical case personifies Nietzsches moral ideals as against the morality of his time. In presenting his philosophy and his ideals of morality, Nietzsche satirically and apparently appropriated for himself a biblical style. By doing so, Nietzsche showed his strong opposition to Judea-Christian concept of God and morality.SynopsisThus Spoke centers on the conjur ed journey of Zarathustra from his ten years of seclusion in the natural state up to his long travels in the low-land where he met with several(prenominal) kinds of personalities and where he declared that God is dead and preached his own concept of morality. The name Zarathustra actually came from a historical figure Zoroaster, the Persian diviner who founded Zoroastrianism.However the precept of Nietzsche in writing the book is to present a new form or theory of Zarathustra, whose literary purpose is to introduce a new concept of morality that is totally distinguish sufficient from Judea-Christian ethics and morality. With this Nietzsche claimed that it was his fictitious character Zarathustra who is the first moralist (Nietzsche et al, 1989, p.327). Nietzsche went on by saying that it was Zarathustra who thought and spoke of the eternal spit out between mature and evil.One of the popular lines or quotations in the book is that famous aphorism God is dead, a concept which wa s popularized by Nietzsche. However, the most strong pillar of the story is the concept of overman, translated from the German word Ubermensch (Nietzsche, 2004, p.56). According to Nietzsche, the overman is mans symbol of self, as well as the concepts of self-overcoming, self-direction, self-cultivation, and self-mastery (Nietzsche et al, 1989).In the story, Zarathustra was 30 years old when he practically aband unmatchabled his home and determined to live in the mountains ((Nietzsche, 2004, p.1). After ten years of living in the wilderness, Zarathustra decided to leave the mountains to preach his new found knowledge and gospel to the people in the lowland. On his way down he met different kinds of individuals standardised a saint, the backworldsmen, the pale criminal, the preachers of death, the priests, and the saturated, among others.The finale the books main characters preaching is the principle of eternal recurrence. This doctrine postulates the eternal repetition of all ev ents. base on the philosophical concept of Nietzsche, only the overman cal fully understand said doctrine, because it is only him who has the leave power to assume conscientiousness and accountability for all aspects of his emotional state and to desire nonentity more than for every moment to happen over and over again. Zarathustra has a problem confronting this concept of eternal recurrence, since he toleratenot accept the notion that the weakness of the masses will happen again ad infinitum without any progress or development.At the last part of the novel, Zarathustra gathers in his cavern in the mountain several individuals who have not yet achieve the status of an overman. In his cave, Zarathustra and his men enjoy a banquet and express their joy by singing several songs. At the goal of the book, Zarathustra finally embraced the doctrine of eternal recurrence, as well as the notion that joy is deeper still that grief can be (Nietzsche, 2004, p.310).The Concept of OvermanOne of the most controversial ideas introduced by Nietzsche is the concept of overman. According to Nietzsche, the status of an overman is what men should achieve. However, one cannot achieve this status without forsaking the determine instilled upon him by the contemporary religious and ideological structures that continuously poison his way of thinking and his values. During Nietzsches time, the concept of morality was dominated and dictated by the Catholic Church. All societal norms, doctrinal beliefs, religious traditions, and mystical ideas were deeply associated and strongly connected with the religious teachings and dogmatic beliefs of the Catholic Church.With this, Nietzsche presented his idea of an ideal man the overman through with(predicate) his fiction book titled Thus Spoke Zarathustra (Nietzsche, 1967). In this book, Zarathustra at the age of thirty spent 10 years living in the wilderness and enjoying his independence and seclusion. When Zarathustra decided to leave the mountain to preach and spread his new-found gospel or idea to the mob of people below, he met a number of different types of people like the priests, the pitiful, the magician, the virtuous, the tarantulas, the last man, to name a few (Nietzsche, 1967).One of the classes of person he met is a saint who devoted all his life and whole kit to God. Zarathustra was greatly surprised that the man was never informed that God is dead. There, Zarathustra asserts that man is something which ought to be overcome (Rosen & Gillespie, 2000). By overcoming man, an individual must create his own virtuous according to his own will or purpose in life. By doing so, he becomes a creator of values and not an absorber of the same. Zarathustra also declares and claims that man is tie between the beasts and the overman, and thus the humanity must seek for the coming of the overman by being true to the world and this life and by deserting the morals and ethical standards that poisoned mans mind and his va lues.In presenting the overman as the creator of virtues, Nietzsche also rebuked all the established values and morals of his time. The concept of overman is something that is high in standards and in impairment of values than the men who subordinated their will and live to a structure that preaches for the departure of human soul from earth. Being a creator of values, must live according to his morals and based on what he thinks is right, and nor according to anybodys will or to societys moral standards.In some of his works which were published on the cheery Science, Nietzsche identified at least two structures that set the values and moral standards that should not be imbibed by any man who aspires to be an over man (Allison, 2001). One of which is the religious structure or the Catholic Church that preaches predominant Christian values. Christian dogma and other religious beliefs propose for the virtue of meekness and pity. Nietzsche through Zarathustra contends the absence of any virtue in being humble if a person is too feeble to be able of being otherwise. Thus, this means that meekness is never a desired virtue if man fails to live as an individual who creates values.The doctrinal foundation of Christian faith is against the values by which the overman lives for. Nietzsche enumerated the tierce sins that can be committed against God. These sins are the following sex, the desire for power, and selfishness. These things, based on the existentialist moral code of Nietzsche, should incomplete be condemned nor abandoned. This is because all these three, when chased with good intent and a clear conscience, are essential to mans existence, power and life. The overman needs all three for his pursuit of happiness. This is to say based on Nietzsches Existentialist ideals that happiness, therefore, is the goal of every virtuous man.On the other hand, state or government is so strong a superstructure in setting substandard morale codes and values. This is t he reason of Nietzsche in presenting his concept of overman. Based on the philosophers personal works, the state is a potent menace to a free and happy life because it seeks to shape populace into a middling, unthinking multitude. Apart from this, the state also advocates for the propagation of the equalitarian principle of democracy that glorifies the meekness of the weak and impedes the growth of the strong-willed and the creative.Critical EvaluationHowever, it must be carefully noted that Nietzsches argument in his fiction novel that God is dead should not be taken literally. One of the central concepts of the book is the pronouncement made by Zarathustra in one of his many sermons that God is dead. This statement should be taken in its figurative sociological meaning or essence than as a spiritual, mystical account. In the book, god represents a metaphysical structure that continues to poison the minds of men. This doctrinal poison is what preventing from attaining the status o f an overman.By saying that God is dead, what Zarathustra means to say is that the arrival of the overman signals the end of the obsolete and old-fashioned moral code of the Christian faith that had become the binding force of all social, political and spiritual lives of people in the gothic ages (Nishitani, Parkes & Aihara, 1990). It means that the Christian concept of good and evil had already lost its grip on our culture and norms. According to Nietzsche, the societys and religious concept of the eternal struggle between good and evil was philosophically flawed and defective.This is because the Christian faith and other religious doctrines consider many things that are good to man evil, like sex, power, and selfishness. Religious institutions, particularly the Chatholic Church, which was the dominant religious denomination during Nietzsches time, considered mans pursuit of happiness as evil. Everything that gratifies man is considered evil, art object everything that highlights mans weaknesses and sacrifice is deemed good and virtuous the meek and the poor in spirit are virtuous. On the other hand, those who seek to follow their will to power, and those who desire selfishness and power are considered evil-doers. They are societys troublemakers who need to repent for their sins in order to be saved by a higher being or a supernatural power.Thus, Nietzsches purpose in presenting Zarathustra as the preacher of new yet controversial values, which must be achieved by man alone, and in introducing his concept of overman who must create his own values are the main foundation of his philosophy Existentialism. Existentialism is the philosophy that postulates that individuals themselves generate the moment and quintessence of their lives (Kaufman, 1989). It means that man must live according to his will. This is what Nietzsche actually posited in his book titled The Will to Power (Nietzsche et al., 1968).By Nietzsches definition, Zarathustra is thus overman someo ne who creates values and who emphasizes the importance of self. The hero in his fiction book embodies what men should do or go through to attain the status or essential level of an overman. For about ten years, Zarathustra abandoned all his material possessions and went to live alone in the wilderness, away from the mob and safe from the values of the Christian faith and the indoctrination of the state.Zarathustra did not suffer simply because he does not believe in suffering. His goal is the pursuit of happiness. An overman is someone who rebukes the sacrifice of an individual, and who cherishes personal gratification like sex, selfishness and desire for power. This is because these three elements of personal pleasure are considered evil by society and by the moral codes of the dominant religious institution. By presenting Zarathustra as a paradigm of an overman, Nietzsche means that man must live independently according to his will and not to the values and moral codes of the Chu rch and the state (Emmanuel, 2001). To be an overman, man must create his own values according to his image and not to the image of the society where he lives.BibliographyAllison, D. (2001). Reading the New Nietzsche. Maryland Rowman and LittlefieldCBC arts (2007). Artist behind Biejings birds nest stadium boycotts Olympics. CBC News Website. August 11. Retrieved September 22, from http//www.cbc.ca/arts/artdesign/story/2007/08/11/beijing-artist-stadium.htmlEmmanuel, S. (2001). The Blackwell go by to modern philosophers. Boston Blackwell publishingKaufman, W. (1989). Existentialism from Dostoyevsky to Sartre. New York MeridanPublishing CompanyNietzsche, F., Kaufmann, W. (ed), & Hollingdale, R.J. (1844-1900). The Will to Power. Germany, Nietzsche.Nietzsche, F. & Levy, C. (1967). Thus Spake Zarathustra. Washington Plain Label BooksNietzsche, F.W. (2004). Thus Spake Zarathustra. Massachusetts Kessinger PublishingNietzsche, F.W., Kaufmann, W., Kaufmann, W.A, Hollingdale, R.J. (1989). O n the genealogy of morals Ecce Homo. London Vintage BooksNishitani, K., Parkes, G. & Aihara, S. (1990). The Self-overcoming of Nihilism. New YorkSUNY PressPereboom, C.G. (2001). Existentialism Basic Writings. Indiana HacketRosen, S. & Gillespie, M. (200). The mask of enlightenment. London Yale University PressSecondary resourcesNietzsche, F.W. (1974). The Gay Science With a prelude in German rhymes and an appendix of songs. New York Random HousePippin, R. (2006). Nietzsche Thus Spoke Zarathustra. Chicago University of Chicago PressYovel, Y. (1986). Nietzsche as affirmative thinker. New York Springer