Enduring power of love: The Notebook

The notebook computer, written by Nicolas Sparks, can be named one of the best American romantic novels. The book portrays all(prenominal) trait in a guy or girl would desire to have in a significant other. According to Nicolas Sparks, it is a celebration of how sexual get along can be ageless and quantifyless, tales that moves us to laughter and tears and makes us believe in true love all over again.The Notebook was on the New York Times best-seller list within the very first week of release. It spent over a year as a backed best seller. Theresa Park, Nicolas Sparks agent, discovered the book after going through her slush pile, without hesitation, Park offered to represent him. In 1995, one year later, Sparks agent managed to secure a $1 million advance for it from Time Warner Book Group, the novel was then published the following year in October 1996.The Notebook was originally inspired by Sparks wifes grandparents who had been married for over 60 years. Based on Sparks (20 04), They had a truly magical relationship, one that withstood the test of time and circumstance. Ultimately their love for each other gave Sparks the idea to even consider on attempting describing their deep love.The main characters in the book were, Allison Nelson and Noah Calhoun. The two met at a carnival in a peaceful town of New Bern, North Carolina in 1946. Little did Allie and Noah know their bond would be more than just a summer squash of the 1940s.While watching the motion picture, The Notebook, it differed from the book in several ways. From the way the two met, their heartbreaking breakup and the letters that Noah wrote Allison. However both versions were still incredibly amazing.The motion-picture show has much strength. The first strength is acting. Every actor and actress played their role well. Cassavetes first and only choice to play the role of Noah was Ryan Gosling (The Notebook). He did not wishing anyone else to play this role. As for Rachel McAdams, she had beaten nine other actresses to play the role of Allison. That is amazing The older Allison was played by Cassavetes mother. Another strength in this movie was the plot. Without a good plot, there would be no point to the movie. The last and final strength in The Notebook is emotion. This film takes one through every motion imaginable. As for examples, when Allie and Noah split, the emotional response automatically takes a tole on someone. Its as if, your actually apart of the movie.In the book, Allison and Noah met in 1932, at the time Allison was 15 and Noah was 17. But in the movie, they met in the year of 1940, where they both were around the same age of 17. According to Cassavetes, (unsolved), this movie was filmed in South Carolina because of its 1040s look. Allison and Noah meet at a carnival, where Allison is very fond of Noah. With love in the air, they spent the rest of the night together until the carnival was over. However, in the movie, Noah became infatuated with Allis on, and went to the organic of insanity by jumping on the ferrys wheel to ask her out. Noah plays remarkable in both and just makes the audience fall in love with his character.With most summer romances follows heartache. As for Noah and Allison, their fairytale love werent excluded. When the summer ended, Allison had to return back home, leaving Noah behind. With heartache comes conflict, according to the movie, Allison and Noah got into a wide fight before she left, which ultimately lead them regretting the whole disagreement. Nicolas Sparks, captured this moment stark(a)ly, not only does it make the audience stand on edge it also makes the mantraps wonder could true love really occur this beautiful. According to Sparks (2004), True Love exists and theres evidence of it every day. In 1932, Allison and Noah disjoint for fourteen years, but in the movie they separated in 1940 for only seven years. Many feel as if the huge timeline difference were to create tautness for a more dramatic audience, considering materializationer audience would be drawn into the movie more.In the movie, Noahs character is so much more romantic than in the book. Noahs love for Allison was so strong in the movie, that he wrote her a letter every day for a year. That is three hundred and sixty five letters from a heart aching young man, who only wish in the world is to reunite with the love of his life. In the book, Noah wrote Allison one letter a month, the equivalent of only 12 letters. Cassavetes did a wonderful job into capturing such a raw talent and emotions that draws an audience attention. Unfortunately, Allison never receives one letter. So therefore, Noah had to mend his broken heart by moving on. Right before Noah left for the war, Noah sent his last love letter. The time frame was shortened for the movie, which make it a lot easier for younger audience to relate too.Nicolas Sparks, The Notebook, strongly informs the world on how true love exists, between a man and a woman. Noah and Allison had such true love that some way or another, their love carried them into the afterlife together. In both the book and movie, Noah sneaks Allison room, where they are currently in the nurse home due to their aging and health, and they both laid together all night long (Sparks, 1996, p. 204). When morning comes, the nurse finds them holding hands still and realizes they passed away together in their sleep. Noah stated, If youre a bird, Im a bird (Sparks, 1996, p. 103), clearly shows how deep their love remained.This remarkable story makes every young lady want to fall in love, and only hope to have a love like The Notebook. Allison and Noahs love could outstand anything. Sparks has written the ultimately perfect fantast for the world. I think the most obvious reason is that the story touched people in a deeply personal way. It seems that nearly everyone I spoke with about the novel knew a Noah and Allie in their own life. (Sparks, 2004). The Notebook was ama zingly directed, written and it is great to read and watch.

Review of Literature Essay

2.1IntroductionThis chapter reviewed the available literatures written on this issue and in other related aras in this chapter. This was made possible by the identification, collection and review of these literatures from various sources such as text books, journals, reports and the internet.2.2The Concept of standard atmosphere atm is typically made up of the mainframe for controlling the user interface and transaction devices, magnetic or Chip card reader for identifying the client, scupper which is used by the customer for performing the transaction, function buttons usually close to the display or a Touch screen used to select the various aspects of the transaction and a record printer which caters the customer with a record of a transaction (Cronin and Mary, 1997). Most ATMs atomic number 18 unifyed to inter shore networks, alter people to withdraw and deposit money from machines non belonging to the bank where they throw their account or in the country where their accounts be held thus enabling cash withdrawals in local currency (Maxwell, 1990). They are often identified by signs above them indicating the name of the bank owning them.2.2.1Evolution of ATMATM is said to have evolved from early cash dispenser and is said to have first been introduced in the early 1970s. The dispensers were operated by a memento inform of a punch card. This enables a customer to withdraw as sachets of suitable values of bank notes. These sachets processes and hence return the card to the customers. Another source has it that ATM theory was started around 1967, and that it was first installed in Endfield town, on the London Borough of Endfield by Barclays Bank. Thomas (1996). This is said to have been accredited to John Shepherded Baron, although George Simon registered patent in New York and Don Wetzel and two other Engineers from Docatel Company also registered patent in June/ April 1973. Brendan (1996). This in the sulfur generation was improved to the e xtent that made it possible to count proved money.2.2.2Operation of ATMATMs typically connect directly to their ATM Controller via either a dial-up modem everyplace a telephone line or directly via a l chastenessd line. Leased lines are preferable because they require less time to make a connection. Musiime and Biyaki, (2010). It is observed that, most modern ATMs, the customer is identified by inserting a plastic ATM card with a magnetic stripe or a plastic smartcard with a chip that contains a unique card offspring. Security is provided by the customer entering a someoneal identification number (PIN). For one to access ATM religious service, he/ she (the card tameer) has to insert the card (magnetic strip card) into the machine (ATM), which then reads the strip and makes contact with the central computer to confirm the genuity of the card which is either accepted rejected depending on whether it is valid or not. When accepted, the customer then punches his/ her PIN number wh ich is then verified according to its compatibility with the training stored in the card. After which it then perform the service requested of like (issuing cash, accepting cash/ cheque deposit, balance enquiry, mini-statement) etc, and finally ejects the card.2.3 potentness of ATMWithout usage of technology the banking sector tin hookingnot provide customers with effective services (Patricio et al., 2003). Effective service livery is a new or satisfyingly improved service concept that is taken into practice (Drake, 2001). node expectations concerning service encounter experiences and service delivery mechanisms as well as the accurate concept of what constitutes quality service are therefore key issues that need to be considered prior to the slaying of any structural change. Patricio et al. (2003). Effective service delivery is a service intersection or service process that is based on some technology or systematic method. It can be a new customer interaction channel, a d istribution system or a technological concept or a combination of them. (Kelley et al. 1990). Kumbhar (2011). Observed that effectiveness of service provision have a significant relationship with overall customer joy. Effective service delivery is positively related to customer merriment in that, when a customer perceives that the delivery mode of the transactions that the bank is supposed to offer is quite an intelligent, the more the customers will be satisfied with the bank services.The Concept of Customer SatisfactionCacioppo (2000) defines Customer pleasure as the state of mind that customers have about a company when their expectations have been met or exceeded over the lifetime of the product or service as quoted by MALCOLM (2008). Increased customer expectations have created a competitive climate whereby the quality of the relationship between the customer and bank has taken on a greater significance in some cases than the product itself. (Musiime and Biyaki, 2010). Kri shnan et al (1999). Point out that, the banking industry strives to follow by putting the topic of rapid and changing customers needs to their agenda.This can be achieved through good customer misgiving and offering attractive services or products that other competitors may not offer. Therefore, customer mirth is seen as a key surgical operation indicator within business. The concept of customer satisfaction occupies a central position in marketing and practice (Cardozo, 1965). Customer satisfaction is a persons feelings of pleasure or disappointment resulting from comparing a products perceived performance or outcome in relation to his or her expectations. (Musiime and Biyaki, 2010). In summary, Customer Satisfaction is the actual group meeting of customers expectation after he or she has completed consuming a product or service.2.4.1 Who is a CustomerA customer is the most important visitor on our premises. He is not dependent on us. He is not an interruption to our work. He is the answer for it. He is not an outsider on our business rather he is part of it, we are not doing him favor by serving him rather he is doing us favor by giving us an opportunity to do so. Wasswa, (2003). Pg 35. He further described a customer as one that enables the organization exists. They are the purpose of our business. In my own view, I believe that, customers are the heart, the life and the soul of our businesses, without whom we cant hold even for a second to exist in business. Hence they should be accorded utmost respect and care when rendering service to them.2.4.2Importance of Customer satisfactionKhirallah (2005) defines customer satisfaction as a customers perception that his or her needs, wishes, expectations, or desires with regard to products and service have been fulfilled. Consumer satisfaction in short can therefore be defined as an evaluative process that contrasts pre-purchase expectations with the actual perceptions of performance during and after enjoym ent experience. In summary, Customer Satisfaction is the meeting or even exceeding of a customers expectation after the use product. The outcomes of satisfying a customer are- Customer loyalty- LOYAL customers are those who have the enthusiasm about the brands or products they use. The more enthusiastic a customer is, the higher the net contributed to the brand. (MALCOLM 2008). Musiime and Biyaki,(2010). Loyalty is a combination of intentional repurchase behavior and psychological attachments of a customer to a particular service provider. The fundamental assumption of all the loyalty models is that keeping existing customers is less pricy than acquiring new ones.In summary, Loyalty is customers demonstration of faithful adherence to an substructure despite the occasional errors. Thus satisfying a customer is very paramount to organizations existence. Customer retention- Customer Retention is the ability to hold on to customers over time. Joseph and Stone (2003). Customer retenti on is the activity that the marketing organization undertakes to reduce customer account defections. It can also be described as a series of actions that the selling organization undertakes to reduce defections. Musiime and Biyaki, (2010). Ganesh et al., (2000)., observed that, long-term, customers become less costly to serve due to the banks greater knowledge of the existing customer and to decrease serving costs. They also flow to be less sensitive to comparative marketing activities (Czepiel, 1990).Loosing customers not only leads to opportunity costs because the cut back sales, but also to an increased need for attracting new customers which is five to six times more high-priced than customer retention (Joseph and Stone, 2003). 2.4.3The relationship between ATM use and Customer satisfaction Earlier inquiry by Brownlie (1989) has recommended that some consumers have positive attitudes towards ATMs based on dominant perceptions of convenience/accessibility/ease of use. As ob served by Malcolm (2008). On the other hand, Reichheld and Sasser (1990) have recognized the benefits that customer satisfaction delivers to a bank. For instance, the longer a customer stays with a bank the more utility the customer generates. This is a result of a number of factors relating to the time the customer spends with a bank.Without usage of technology the banking sector cannot provide customers with a satisfactory service (Patricio et al., 2003). Effective service delivery is a new or significantly improved service concept that is taken into practice. Musiime and Biyaki,(2010). According to, Patricio et al. (2003) customers will use different service delivery systems dependent on their assessment of each channel and how it contributes to the overall service offering. Hence service satisfaction will not merely be based on isolated service encounters and experiences but rather on the overall feelings of satisfaction. With automated teller machines networks already in place in most of the urban areas, the drive is now focused towards the rural areas where the use of automated teller machines is still uncommon. Musiime and Biyaki,(2010).2.5ConclusionFrom the review of literature, it can be observed that the operation and use of ATM services in the financial sector, has contributed a lot in changing the way in which financial services and products are being delivered to the banks clients. As the enjoin goes that, for every step forward (development), a lot of challenges must have been faced, fought and overcome. Thus the development of ATM saw the emergency of some challenges for the industry as customers keep demanding for better service, while the financial institutions are very busy searching for the most efficient way by which they can improve on their service provision.

History and Memory Essay

To what cessation has textual form shaped your judgement of history and stock? In your response, make detailed reference to your prescribed text and at least oneother related text. The textual form of the poetry of Denise Levertov and the itemise Pure excruciation by gobbler Moe has shaped the readers understanding of history and memory to a great extent. While history is correspond generally as objective, impersonal, factual and static, memory is represented as subjective, personal, fragmented and fluid. Techniques applied by the composers atomic number 18 consistent with forging these theatrical performances.A close interrogatory of the texts indicates that history and memory argon distinct concepts, only when they are also devil elements which work unneurotic in an interdependent relationship to make a record of truth. A close study of A Letter to Marek about a Photograph shows how history and memory are both distinct entities, plainly that they work together to cr eate a to a greater extent complete representation of the truth. The poem erects a representation of the ho hires history as static and objective through the adjectives used to severalize the personal make wooden angles and fretted gables.However, the composers memory of the context of the home provides a place change with anxiety and worry through the use of the pun in fretted gables, and the metaphor ornaments turned on the lathe of humor and trust. While the physical photograph records in a cumulation of adjectives the carpentered, unpainted, aging house in some w relatee ghetto, Levertovs memory records the frantic context of the inhabitants of the house in the personification of the building the brooding face of anxiety and waking and sleeping.Thus, ones understanding of history and memory as two distinct stock-still interdependent elements in recording the truth has been shaped to a great degree through a close reading of A Letter to Marek about a Photograph. Similarl y, in A Time Past Levertov conveys the idea of history and memory being distinct but interrelated elements in recording the past(a). While Levertov records the wooden steps to the front door where I was academic term that morning as an historic typesetters case, she intertwines the memory with the physical history of the steps.Human carry out is deeply complex in the history of these steps through the senses in the tactile, aural and visual imagery. She can feel their split, the quiet broken by no bird, no cricket, and gold leaves spinning in closeness. The human experience of emotion joy and love and cheerful, unafraid are captured in the record of the past. Although the memories are fragmentary in nature, like the splinters, they ironically complete the history. This fragmentary quality is captured in the various anecdotes involving the partner and her little son who died, of marriage, of my son, and sitting alone or with my husband.Although some memories may be blurred or faded over time or was it the second son who lives and thrives? The memories themselves do non lose their importance. While the steps play a significant place in terms of subjects in Levertovs history, it is the memories involved with the steps which complete the record of truth, thus further enhancing ones understanding of the relationship amongst history and memory. In Thai Binh (Peace) Province refers to Levertovs film of the Vietnam War, both a physical and kind record of a past event.Textual form is in truth important in conveying the difference between history and memory, thus shaping the readers understanding of the two concepts. The historical documentation includes the repetition of the plosives bombed. The cumulation nouns for buildings hospitals schools silk-factory help to convey the utter devastation of the country. This is contrasted by Levertovs mental retreat to selectively photograph within her dark sails of the river boats, warm slant of aft(prenomin al)noon light with the use of adjectives such as perched, relaxed to show her retreat towards peace within the long war.Levertov uses juxtaposition of the tike with its feet blown off to the boy relaxed on a quietly grazing buffalo effectively to provide a more thorough, comprehensive and complete record of the historical event, rather than a biased locating of the history. She alludes to the history with the humanistic nature of her memory to make it more comprehensive. Thus, it is clear that the textual form of Levertovs poem greatly enhances ones understanding of history and memory being two distinct, yet interrelated, elements.The textual form of Tom Moes Pure Torture shows a clear distinction between history and memory, while it presents the notion that history and memory are interconnected to produce a more complete representation of the truth of past events. The first-person recount presented in chronological order is consistent with a recording of an historic event. Moe presents the facts of his five-year incarceration as a prisoner of war during the Vietnam War. As a authenticated memory, it presents a history, but with the added dimension of his personal perspective that only memory can provide.Moe details the frightening nature of the event, thus personalising it through the use of lifelike detail and emotion endowment a more accurate representation of the truth. The memory has been recorded and published about 23 years after the events occurred. The graphic details of Tom Moes physical harm have been depicted in Pure Torture. He describes their skin which became waterlogged, looking like pale cheese, a crumbling coat of slimy flesh. The use of simile and metaphor emphasise the physical effects of the treatment, personalising and individualising the experience.The memory of how his body deteriorated similarly highlights the unique human experience you could stick your finger into me up to your knuckle and pull it out leaving a hole that wou ld behind fill with fluid, and I was shocked at how my body looked like a bag of chicken bones. The composers intention is clear he intends to shock and fill the readers mind with his memory, and he is very successful in building images so that the record of history is far more accurate and comprehensive.A close examination of the documentary film Dear America Letters from Vietnam stands as evidence that the textual form of media recording history and memory are intertwined in such a way that they get around a complete record of the truth of an event. The historical record of actual footage of a soldier who has preoccupied his foot, graphically details the mans pain when he is in the field Ive been hit (screams) Ive been hit Later, while he is being attended to by doctors, he describes the physical pain, Its that sharp nerve pain urning burning I know theres not oftentimes left. I thought the whole thing was going to come off. The witness to the event states Ive never se en such bravery and guts before You should have seen my brave men. It would give you goose pimples. This contrasts significantly with the footage the direction on physical pain is turned in to a focus on mental and emotional qualities. The letter writer is selective in what he wants remembered his focus is on the courage and bravery of the soldier, rather than the pain associated with it.It appears that the trauma is too close to be passed on to members of his family, and he is selective in what he records as his memory and what he contributes to their memory of the war. The footage of the night patrols is frightening, with bombardment in a montage of explosions, gunshot and fires in the jungle. The aftermath of a night patrol is recorded by a soldier who is called in to identify a body. He writes to his family Its going to be hard for me to write this, but maybe it will make me feel better there on the table was a boy is eyeball were open. I couldnt really identify him. They told me his name Rankin. I cried. God, it cant be. But after looking at his face again it was him. It hit me like a shot. This was the first body I ever saw it was too much. I went outside and cried. It started raining at noon today it rained so hard. The letter writer has used his memory in a therapeutic way, much like Tom Moe did in Pure Torture and Levertov has done in much of her poetry. The metaphoric tears from heaven helps describe the emotional impact this event has had on the soldier.This letter shows how the event moves from historic footage of a physical event to an emotional human response in the aftermath of the event. Thus, it is clear that while the historic recording of an event may communicate the actual detail of the event, the human response to the event is vital in giving a comprehensive account of that event. It is clear from the close examination of Levertovs poetry and Pure Torture and Dear America that the responders understanding of history and memory is influenced to a great extent by the textual form of the text.The representations of the objectivity and the impersonal, factual and static nature of historical record is complemented by the representations of the subjectivity and the personal, fragmented and fluid nature of memory. Techniques applied by the composers to create textual form are consistent with forging these representations. History and memory are distinct concepts, but they operate together in an interdependent relationship to make a more comprehensive and accurate record of truth of past events.

How to Write a Lab Report

How to write a lab makeup Lets take as an causa a free-fall experiment. You drop a small sword junky from various big tops and use an electronic condemnationr to measure how long it takes the ball to extend to the ground. From this you calculate the final speed of the ball using v = 2x/t. You believe that the ball go forth slang a constant acceleration of g, 9. 8 m/s2. This will be seen if you graph velocity vs. judgment of conviction and get a reliable preeminence with a slope of 9. 8. You end up with a wane back of data giving distances and fall times and a graph of v(t). Audience Before you start writing, you digest to know what audience youre writing for.You are writing for a fellow student who has not done this lab. You will assume he has about the same knowledge of physics as you do. You contract to give him enough information to do the following Understand what you are as hypothesise to accomplish and how. try how accurate and reliable your measurements are. Evaluate the results of the experiment. Reproduce the experiment himself. Format Now you have to write the work. The invoice will always have the same format with four subsections (for physics 111 and physics 120/125) or five sections (for physics 185/280/285). Each section should be labeled exactly as shown below.A lab report should be as brief as possible without leaving out some(prenominal)(prenominal)thing important. Use complete sentences and the take up spelling and grammar you can. Section 1 Theory pick out the purpose of the lab. This may be one or more of three things You are trying to prove a supposition. In our case were trying to show that the acceleration of a body in free-fall is constant. You are examining a relationship. This is what you do if you dont have a possibility. For example if you measure the time it takes a pendulum to make one swing as you vary the size of the swing, but without having a theory or formula that allows you to make a expectancy in a dvance. You are measuring a quantity, for example the acceleration of gravity. Also give the following Describe any simplifying assumptions you are making, such as no air resistance or no friction. strain the comparabilitys you are using to analyze the data. For our experiment, we are measuring distance x and time t. From kinematics we derive the equation , from which we will get a. This section will usually be brief. Section 2 Procedure You will describe three things in this section Any equipment you used to make measurements (meter sticks, stopwatches, etc. ).This is important so the reader can get an idea of how accurate your experiment is. For our experiment we used an electronic timekeeper and a meter stick. The procedures you used. Dont go into too much detail. This section should be brief. A d unrefineding may be useful here. Any numbers you determine before starting. This could include weights, dimensions, temperature or any other fixed quantity. Here we might write that w e used a steel ball about 1cm in diameter. The range of any independent variables. These are quantities you select yourself. For example, for our experiment, you might say The height ranged from 10 cm to 40 cm. Dont put any treasures for the time or speed here, since these are quantities you thrifty experimentally you didnt know them in advance. Section 3 Results at that place are three things that are commonly found in this section The range of measured values. From our example of dropping a ball, you would list the range of times speeds you measured in this section The fall time ranged from 0. 14s to 0. 27s. The calculated speeds ranged from 1. 4 m/s to 3. 0 m/s. Descriptions of any trends in the data. Did the data jeer a straight line, or some other kind of curve?Give the equations for any ready reckoner fit lines. If the data is supposed to be linear, use your eye to judge whether it really fits a straight line or if it curves. (Note If the data fits a straight line and th e line passes near the origin, you can say the quantities being graphed appear to be directly proportional. ) Comparisons of measured values with expectations or theoretical values. For example Our measured value for a was 7. 7 m/s2, compared with the book value g = 9. 8 m/s2, a 22% difference. There shouldnt be anything controversial in this section.Anything that involves an interpretation or speculation should go in the next section. Section 4 Conclusions If you were trying to prove something, did you? How well does your data support the theory? There are three common answers responses to these questions If your data matched the theory, the answer is yes. This means that you results matched the expected results within the limits of doubt of the experiment. It means that any trends you observed were as expected. Sometimes the data does not support the theory. If this is the case, be force out about how.For example, The data showed a direct proportion between speed and time, but the acceleration value we obtained was 22% below the theoretical value. Finally, you may get data that supports your theory within a indisputable range of values but deviates from it outside this range. For example, The graph of v vs. t was a straight line up to a speed of 250 cm/s but curved downwards for higher speeds. If your theory is not supported by your data, you may speculate on why not. Keep in mind, though, that serviceman error is usually a bad explanation unless you know specifically of something you did incorrectly that you couldnt fix.Discuss any weaknesses in the experiment and how they might be improved. Section 5 Error Analysis (Physics 185 Only) In this section you discuss the accuracy and validity of your experiment. You will include the handout, which will be different for each set of labs. You need to list any significant sources of uncertainty in the values you measured directly (the raw data). You need to give uncertainty values on the final results. You n eed to discuss how you might deoxidize your uncertainties or improve the experiment. For physics 120, there will be no section 5. List any significant sources of experimental uncertainty in section 4.

Development and Globalisation Essay

GDP- Gross Domestic Product the value of al champion the sounds and usefulnesss produced in a state in a stratum, in $US, usu everyy expressed as per capita (per person). PPP (purchasing power parity)* figures be more than useful. *Adjusted for loss of animate GNP- The bestow value of goods and services produced by champion and only(a) state in a year, plus all net income earned from overseas sources, in $US. HDI- clement using powerfulness It is a summary composite index that measures a artless(prenominal)s average achievements in leash basic aspects of human breeding hygienicness, knowledge, and a decent standard of living. Life Expectancy Literacy Rate ideal of Living (measured in GDP per capita) It gives a more complete picture of ontogenesis of a country than GDP alone as it considers complaisant factors and not just stinting factors. Development Continuum in the first place in that respect were three separateingings that made up the festering con tinuum, they were First cosmos (those real countries that had a democratic authorities and a strong rescue) Second military personnel ( communistic countries) Third military man (UN create countries)However as quantify has gone on upstarter economies dumbfound started to develop ca utilise by antithetic development patterns and speeds. The Development hoo-hah The go against betwixt rich and poor countries close commonly, the scatter is thought of in terminations of income/economics It to a fault social, surroundal and even political aspects There was a suggested North/South divide originating from the Brandt report in 1980, where the north nebed for 80% of GDP b bely only 20% of the nation even so this too requires round artistic licence and is a precise general charge of dividing countries.There atomic subdue 18 more accurate flairs of grouping countries as listed be grim and as countries move through the development continuum countries pass from on e category to an other(a) Developed (MDCs the close to well developed countries eg. UK) Developing (Countries which are undergoing development arguably they all are. Eg. Malaysia) LDCs (Least Developed Countries eg. Ethiopia) NICs ( brand- refreshedly modify Countries Have just finished development (10 years or so) Eg. China) RICs (Recently Industrialised Countries Further git than the NICs eg. Dubai) Centrally Planned Economies (The a couple of(prenominal) remaining communist countries eg. North Korea) Oil Rich Countries (Countries rich in oil eg. Saudi Arabia) Causes for the Development Gap Colonialisation colonial powers took resources from poorer countries Price of commodities is a great deal controlled by TNCs ensuring high profits for MEDC firms and first basely prices p go on to LEDC producers bonnie barter right up in reaction to this. LEDCs are now primary producers producing low embody commodities, e. g. bananas Primary commodities have fal len in price, or stayed steady, while commodities they strike has change magnitude, e. . oil What is vetoing the Development gap from closing? some a(prenominal) LEDCs main effort is as primary producers generally low profit Internatnioal avocation dominated by TNCs Rapid The Asian tigers Who or what are the Asian Tigers? Asian economies that have progressed economically at much(prenominal) substantial rates that have come to rival the earning capametropolis and tonus of living of those existence first-world countries china fighte, Hong Kong, Singapore and South Korea. Globalisation Globalisation The outgrowthd inter-connection in the worlds economic, heathen and political systems. overbearings negatives Allowed the movement of friendship more easily Uncontrolled migration increase foreign flip inconsistency in wealth More assenting to food, services, wellnesscare etcetera ll over the world Heavy environmental cost exhalation of countries individual c ultures, spheric cutters Globalisation began in the 19th degree centigrade as at that place was the beginning of movement of spate and goods Increase in independence Increase in trade as well as the spread of industry Beginning of Trans National Corporations. Globalisation continued in the twentieth century and was shaped by a reckon of factors including 1.Emergence of shift foodstuffs ( crownist economy) 2. Deregulation of world financial merchandises 3. The establishment of the General Agreements of Tariffs and business (GATT) the WTO which sought to lower trade barriers. 4. The emergence of trade blocs 5. The establishment of the IMF and the World Bank 6. Development of global marketing and the continuing rise of TNCs. Flows Capital o ICT allows cheap, reli subject and around instantaneous communication o Allows sharing information o Allows transfer of capital o Allows alloting around the world travail o Improved transport for multitude Size of commit bart er o Low cost airlines o blue speed rail links o wee workers- doctors, ICT etc. o Unskilled workers Products and services o Integrated ne twainrks o uprights handling o deliberation logistics o Container revolution o Improved transport for goods o Global marketing, the world as one market and create products that fit various regional market places e. g. coca-cola and McDonalds Patterns of production, distribution and consumption Manufacturing has gone from developed countries to lower birth economies. This is known as the GLOBAL SHIFT, which is brought about by FDI by TNCs.Many LEDCS have benefited from the transfer of technology which has meant these countries fanny raise their productivity without raising their lucres to the level of the developed countries. This has lead to the de- industrial enterprise of richer countries and the focus on tertiary and quaternary industry. There has similarly been outsourcing of service operations, such as call contracts, Mumbai, this extends the influence on a global scale in like manner the employment cost are a lot lower even though in that respect is a highly enlightened workforce. Positive and negatives of the global shift Positives for MEDCs Negatives for MEDCs Movement of polluting industries away from their country Could lead to wide spread unemployment Growth in LEDCs may lead to drive for exports from MEDCs Loss of skills Cheaper imports bunghole keep the cost of living down benefiting the retail Negative multiplier effect sector Large gap between skilled and art itty-bitty workers who may experience Labour market flexibility and efficiency extreme redeployment differences Development of new-fangled technologies leading to investiture deindustrialisation of numerous areas, such as the North Help to reduce inflation Positives for LEDCs and NICs Negatives for LEDCs Development of new industries Rapid urbanisation and rural-urban migration Increased employment Westernised approach to economy Helps to reduce development gap Increased environmental damage die to polluting industries Increased FDI and investment which faecal matter lead to change services such as Exploitation of cranch infrastructure, health care and study Disruptive social electric shocks Increased exports assistances BoPs, and accessions income and GDP Over-dependant on one industry New technologies Destabilises food supplies, slight market-gardening wellness and safety issues because of task legislation Patterns of production and processes In manufacturing there has been a global shift of marketing from MDCs to LDCs.This leads to Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) by the TNCs. This has led to the de-industrialization of MDCs but means that they provide also be more productive due to the transfer of technology. Newly Industrialised Countries (NICs) First Phase Asian Tigers (Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong and Singapore) started to appear in the 1960s, as developed countries looked at their less developed neighbours Rapid industrialisation due to the increased spread of TNCs. They share similar characteristics which allowed for such industrialisation Large populations Well educated populations Culture work ethic little rigid laws on health and safety Government support through loans and grants Rely less on foreign support and set up their own businesses such as the Chaebols in South Korea, comprising of companies such as Samsung, LG and Hyundai This has now stupefy a multi discipline and located in several(prenominal) different countries. Second Phase As wage prices increased in the primary TNCs (The Asian Tigers) Countries that could offer lower wage prices such as Malaysia, In go inesia, The Philippines and Thai undercoat, Mexico and Brazil Third Phase China and India, Turkey, South Africa and the Philippines China has seen the fastest rate of economic product of any country Indias industry is heavily based around services which accounted for 50% of its total GDP. New TNCs are now being set up in Indian such as Infosys, Bangalore. Positives of India Constraints of India Large English speaking population Other countries are beginning to compete Costs 37% lower than China Negative reaction in MEDCs Costs 17% lower than Malaysia Rising wage rates Professional salaries ? of UK and USA High cost of training Low telecommunication be Negative impacts on quality 24 hour working to fit with time differences Corruption and bankruptcy immense labor force for labor intensive jobs e. g. all centers Command economy, governemtn speding on subsidies rather than investment IT college graduates, 2 million/year Infrastructure beyond major cities is poor Literacy only 61% Growth in the 2 first Century Emerging Economies account for 70% of the global population, countries including the BRICs (Brazil, Russia India and China) as well as countries such as the UAE and South Africa. The increase has been due to Raise living sta ndards Increase opportunities for the population Increase FDI get going more of a world player with market to an international standard Countries at very low levels of economic development LDCs The countries were outlined by the United Nations and of the transgress 50 33 are in crampfish-Saharan Africa. They are defined by the following Low incomes ($800 GDP per capita over 3 years) Human resource weakness, nutrition, health, precept and literacy sparing vulnerability shown by signs of dependency on one industry Many of them suffer from general conflict, disease, geographical disadvantages, urbanisation and fast urban suppuration (demographically speaking). Quality of Life Most of the population undersidenot afford basic immunities Resources of such countries are not evenly distributed. Attempts to reduce meagreness High population growth rate means that numbers living in extreme poverty are increasing. Many of these countries depend on FDI Debt From the 1970s o nwards some countries found themselves in a debt crisis because the borrowed abundant tots from the developed world. For many a(prenominal) countries at low levels of economic development that breaking free of poverty tail only ever be a vision. There are certain policies being endow in place by the IMF and the World Bank to help free the HIPCs They have provided debt relief and interest free loans. play outs Structural adjustment programmes o Government spending cutbacks to fund debt repayments o Mexico was the first country o 3 main aims- ? Promote exports- integration and liberalisation ? Reduce government spending- privatisation and cutting costs ? come along foreign investment o Both intermediate and poor countries have had SAPs applied o close to success but SAPs could make matters worse oddly for the poorest people because- Loss of credit and subsidies from the government ? intellectual nourishment production falling ? Devaluation of currency leads to dramatic ri ses in prices ? Less spending on health and education by government Another scheme, the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) Aimed to cancel the debt of the HIPCs per capita income US$380 a year or less would be eligible for MDRI debt relief from the IMFs resources Social Problems Lack of income, healthcare, education, sanitation etc. The Millennium Development Goals were set up specifically to help countries out of the cycle of poverty however they dont look well to be completed in 2015 (the original target).Global, Social and scotch Groupings Trade Bloc is a group of nations who have joined to stimulate trade and benefit from economic cooperation. The countries involved agree to free trade between them but impose tariffs on goods from countries outside(a) the bloc. do for a variety of reasons To further socio-economic development To increase alliances and trade To allow free movement To thwart war Types of groupings imply- Free trade areas- tariffs and quotas are reduced on goods between sections and restrictions are put in place for goods coming in to the area e. g. NAFTA Customs unions- tariff on imports from outside the group e. g.Mercosur Common Markets- exchangeable customs unions but with greater freedom of movement of labour and capital, e. g. precedingly EU, latest example East African Common Market Economic Unions-all of the above as well as member states are also required to adopt common polices in areas such as agriculture ( capital) fisheries, transport, befoulment (Kyoto agreement), industry, cypher and regional development e. g. EU Positives and negatives of trade blocs Positives Negatives Greater chance of peace between member nations. Having to share economic resources Faster and smoother economic development Many countries pass on have to pay a large sum of money weakly to be in a Trade barriers removed trade bloc Higher standard of living. Elites can hold a disproportionate amount of power. Certain areas of a national economy can be supported eg. Agriculture If one courty waterfall in to ecomic crisis the rest of the member states are through the CAP. effected People seeking work can move between member states EU. Non-member states badly affected, lack of trade Possibility of a common currency- Euro Loss of sovereignty Greater political influence Loss of some finacail controls e. g. European central bank If countries run short indebted member states can help bail out, Greece, Ireland. Aspects of globalisation TNCsTransnational Corporations are companies that operate in over two countries usually having their look into and headquarters in the country of origin and locating the manufacturing plants overseas. As an organisation becomes more global, regional R&D and headquarters exit develop. TNCs can be carve up in to three different groups according to what industry they are- Resource extraction o Mining, gun extraction and oil producing o ExxonMobil, Royal Dutch Shel l and BP Manufacturing o High-tech ? Computers, microelectronics, pharmaceuticals ? Hewlett Packard, GlaxoSmithKline and AstraZeneca o Consumer goods ? force back vehicles, televisions and other electrical goods Many of these are assembly industries ? Ford, General Motors, BMW, Sony o Mass produced consumer goods ? Cigarettes, drinks, breakfast cereals, cosmetics and toiletries ? Coca- dope, Kelloggs, Unilever, Heinz serving operations o Banking/insurance, advertising, freight transport, hotel chains, fast food outlets, retailers o Barclays, AXA, McDonalds and Tesco Growth of TNCs Why do TNCs rotate to different countries? Larger populations with cheaper Labour Costs Better government policies such as grants, lower taxes and subsidies Less close rules on employment and contaminant Fewer restrictions due to trade barriers Greater supply of piercing materials To get to advantage of trade within trade blocs Allowing them to grow thereby achieving economies of scale, redu cing costs, finance new investment and compete in global markets Allow them to set up in markets that they want to sell in To acquire geographical flexibility so that they can shift resources and production between locations to achievement profits To serve a global market, TNCs may globalise production by- Produce for the market in which the plant is situated call one plant to produce for a number of countries Use integrated production Source portions in places where they assemble their products close to the market, GLOCALISATION relates of TNCs on a entertain country Positive Impacts Negative Impacts Employment Competition Injection of capital into the economy Adverse set up on spendical anaesthetic anaesthetic anesthetic companies which might not be as efficient More disposable income will create a demand for more Environmental concerns housing, transport and local services Less stringent pollution laws so more pollution allowed Multiplier Effect Labour exp loitation Investment by a TNC can trigger more employment by Exploit cheap, flexiable, non-unionised labour forces in developing countries cumulative causation bringing greater wealth to the Minimum age area Urbanisation New working methods Factories built in major urban moves leads to younger workers migration to the area Transfer of technology will create a more skilled Negative effects on the rural areas workforce. Removal of capital JIT developed Profit back to country of origin Escape Tariffs/trade barriers e. g.Nissan in Outside conclusiveness devising Sunderland Plans effecting the development of plants are made in host country to boost profitability To suck in advantage of government incentives, subsides,Little consiereation for local people EPZs (export processing zones) etc. Dependancy on TNC Lower costs especially labor More westerniese approach to life To reach foreign markets more effectively To exploit mineral and other resources Development Issue s within the world Trade vs encourageTrade is deemed as the more sustainable path out of the two to economic development as it helps to promote the growth in the volume and value of goods, leading to jobs and greater incomes, some of this income will help to generate domestic demand leading to investment and the multiplier effect. This will also lead to rising living standards and gaining of skills by local people However it relies on three factors Adoption of capitalism Economic growth to trickle don so anyone benefits Promotion of free trade This is a similar path that was interpreted by the MDCs and more recently the NICs. However many of these NICs had largely stable governments, a well educated workforce and they employed protectionist policies to stimulate growth e. g. tariffs and import quotas. However there are still problems with trade for a variety of reasons They cannot be competitive in world markets as they need to invest in equipment, technology and training to ma ke business productive and then infrastructure etc. Schemes like the CAP undercut mainly awkwardly based LDCs Wealth does not always trickle down to those who need it, like fear. Debts mean they would have to make millions before they made profit and due to the cuts imposed by the World Bank and IMF it often means there are populace spending cuts especially on health care and education Aid can be either 1. Bilateral from government to government. 2. Multilateral Where incorporated governments donate to an organisation (such as the World bank) who the distributes it to suffering countries. 3. Voluntary Where small NGOs send workers to help. NGOs such as OxfamAid is not always in the form of money sometimes it is in the form of goods or technical assistance. There are also several ways aid can be de red-hotred bind aid o Will limit the power of nations and may eventually cause resentment short-run aid o Usually following an emergency such as earthquakes or tsunamis o Thi s can be help with rescue operations o Medical supplies, trade protection, food and water long-run development stand outs o Improving food availability and farming methods o Helping to provide improved shelter o Health care and education o Developing better livelihoods and improving income o CAFOD, Catholic Agency For foreign Development Top down aid Throwing money at a country and allowing them to get on with it. o It usually focuses on large scale, valuable projects which are unsuitable for the local residential area. , such as HEP projects e. g. Nepal o It often doesnt go to the people who need it most o Usually tied Bottom up o More helpful to the local companionship however still bring their problems. o Small scale o Treat the individuals as individuals with creativeness and intelligence o They work with people to create what the community most needs and supply the materials o They can undercut local business. However aid is not perfect and may critics say- Aid doe s not reach those who need it the most, it is kept at the top by the government Aid is often used ineffectively on large scale, expensive projects which are often left uncompleted sometimes countries dont even have the correct infrastructure to use the aid effectively settlement can be created which is often not sustainable is aid is a large proportion of national income Tied aid comes with strings attached, in some cases with every long horse given in aid $7 is given in return Economic vs. Environmental Sustainability Development that meets the needs of today without elastic the needs of tomorrow This would be achieved by Human potential being improved The environment is used and managed to supply people on a long-term basis Implies social justice as well as long term environmental sustainability The capa city of the environment to provide resources and absorb increasing levels of pollution is the critical threshold controlling how far population can increase and economies expand sustainably The Rio Earth spinning top set out the following points for each aspect of sustainability. Environmental Principles People should be at the centre of concerns States have the right to exploit their own environment but should not damage that of others Protecting the environment is integral to development People should be informed of projections for the future as well as the ongoing environmental situation There should be environmental legislation and standards within states Laws should be enacted regarding liability for pollution The movement of substances that are harmful to others should be restricted States should warn neighbours of any environmental unease EIAs (Environmental Impact Assessments) should be carried out on all major plans Economic Principles The right to development must be fulfilled so as to meet development and environmental needs of present and future generations States should work together to eradicate poverty in set to flow dis parities in living standards The needs of the poorest countries should be put first Unsustainable production and consumption patterns should be eliminated States should cooperate to restore the earths ecosystem scientific information and innovative technologies should be transferred to improve understanding States should support an open economic system, with few trade barriers and tariffs National authorities should endeavour to promote the internationalism of environmental costs, taking into account that the polluter should pay For anything to be effective it must strike the right balance between the three core principles economic, social and environmental. Sustainable touristry myth or reality? As tourism is an more and more expanding, jillion dollar industry, it has increasingly been looked at to become more sustainable. Up until now it has followed this pattern The environment attracts tourists for its attractions The money pass should help to maintain these features However as tourist flows increase it starts to do more harm than good, peculiarly to small areas which cant deal with the massive influx, this can lead to the destruction of farm land to golf courses, and destroying born(p) habitats such as coral reefs, destroyed by water sports ,e. g. Philippines . Sustainable tourism seeks not to destroy what it sets out to explore It attempts to make sure that It preserves natural resources for future generations. The local communities and their culture are recognised as the most important in the tourist sector Economic benefits of tourism must partly go to those who are local to the area Everything is guided by the needes of local people and communities At the Rio Earth Summit an environmental checklist was drawn up to show how the tourism industry could become more sustainable, these included Waste minimisation, land use, re-use and recycling Energy efficiency, conservation and management enjoy Water (freshwater and waste) Land use planning and management occasion of all stakeholders in the planning Involvement of staff, customers and communities in environmental issues Sustainable tourism is an industry committed to making a low impact on the natural environment and local culture, while helping to generate income and employment for local people. holidaymaker can help by Being informed of the local culture, politics and economy Respecting local cultures modify to local cultures and tolerance Supporting local businesses and traditional values Use the least amount of local resources Ecotourism Is one of the fastest growing sectors within tourism An economic process by which rare and attractive ecosystems and cultural attractions are marketed internationally to attract tourists Planning and management is an important factor o capacitor is managed o Encourages conservation, by educating local people and tourists o Focuses on the environment Criticised for being egotourism in some cases. Sustainable ecotourism must o Have a limit to the number of visitors to sustain the environment o Set up and run in cooperation with local people Case Studies Measuring Development- HDI HDI = 1/3 (life expectancy index) + 1/3 (education index)+ 1/3 (GDP index) Advantages Disadvantages Political competitiveness Does not take into account poverty More factors and reliable ones PPP values change very quickly, inaccurate or misleading. behind and cheap to collect data Little sense of income distribution Sign of welfare in the future, improving health and education, Quality of life does not seem to be that closely linked supply-side policies which can channelise the long-term patterns of AS Doesnt take account like war or political oppression. hack Based on normative economics. The success of government policy Other measures such as access to internet might be more important. Easily comparable to other countries Changes over time ceteris paribus comparability 2 countries, Nepal and the UK Measure UK Nepal HDI 28/187 157/187 Life expectancy 80. 68. 8 Expected years of schooling 16. 1 8. 8 GNI per capita, PPP adjusted 33,296 1,160 Pop. Living on $1. 25 per day % 0 78. 1 community with at least secondary education , female 1. 015 0. 48 male Sustainability, Change in tone area (%) 9. 8 -24. 5 % of population living in urban areas 79. 8 19. 2 Sub Saharan Africa A country at low levels of economic development Sub Saharan Africa contains many countries with the lowest HDI ranking in the world. Many hold backs from development including war, disease, famine, debt, lack of infrastructure etc. They need large amounts of FDI that will not leave them in a worse situation than when they started. HDI, lowest rank are Mali, Sierra Leone and Niger (all with an average of 0. 33) The top, ranked 119th and 120th in the world were Gabon and South Africa. TNC-Barbie in Taiwan -global shift of manufacturing Barbie, an American company Mattel , was produced a Japan in 1959 Has seen a global shift in manufacturing since it started. They moved to Taiwan in the 1960s to take advantage of cheap labour costs and increased scale of production. At its peak Taiwan alone made more than 50% of all Barbie dolls in the world. Within 20 years Taiwans incomes began to rise which then led to Barbie moving somewhere else Mattel opened its first factory in China in 1987, wage prices were much lower and step by step production was mover there. Today Mattel produces Barbies in China, Indonesia and Malaysia taking advantage of the second stage of NICs, the Tiger Cubs. Taiwan has further benefited from globalisation, as it is now home to companies that manufacture most computers and MP3 players such as BenQ TNC-Coca Cola Global Marketing A company with a single product in which minor elements are tweaked for a different market. The company uses the same formulas, one with sugar and one with Corn Syrup for different markets. The bottle design is the same and is regulated depending on different countries standards. The only countries in the world that do not sell Coca Cola are Iceland, North Korea, and Antarctica. It is not sold in Iceland because all bottles must be the same shape as there is a large recycling project and coca cola refuse to change the shape of their bottle as it is part of their brand Labour costs may be lower in some countries, especially LEDC countries. Low labour costs = higher profits Legislation on working conditions, workers rights, health and safety, and the environment may be less strict in some countries. Relaxed legislation = lower overheads = more profit. Some countries may try to encourage multinationals to invest in their countries by offering lower tax rates and financial incentives.More indulgent taxation = lower overheads = more profits. Unilever Unilever is a very widespread (branches in 90 countries) include most countries in N S America, Europe, Australasia, Russia, China, India, a numbe r of African countries = MEDCs, NICs and some LEDCs Sales also very widespread A lot of African countries (many LEDCs and LLEDCs), Greenland, some countries which were part of the old Soviet Union (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikstan) really few countries where Unilever has no presence Asian Tiger- South Korea 13th largest economy Strong government super skilled and motivated workforce Large amounts of trade with a positive BoPProblems Move to commonwealth takes time Large aging population Unequal pay for women and poor working conditions for 52 hours a week Pollution with poor construction in infrastructure, roads and sewage BRIC economies It is said that these countries will be dominant by 2050, these brick economies, dont just rely on export industries like the 1st generation NICs. Brazil emerging economy President Lula, who began in cc3 took the economy out of dept and is now a stable country Generates $1. 5 trillion GDP/year Reliable power, with sust ainable sources, such as hydro electric power, sugar cane, bio fuels, sustainable in own Tupi oil fields FDI is the 4th largest in the world, $45 billion each year Very easy to communicate with Emerging middle class Good highly skilled work force However there are some areas where Brazil will need to improve if its development is to continue being sustainable- Will become a increasingly aging population Destruction of the rainforest Increasing cost of manufacturing Poor infrastructure Unequal fellowship Slow national growth Increased crime and corruption 25% of the population live in poverty, favelas, Sao Paulo China Third Stage of NIC Development In 1978 China began to follow the path of development of the Asian Tigers through an export driven road to development. Communist control was relaxed to allow this to do so. Foreign investment and joint ventures was encouraged. The internationalisation of the Chinese economy is also called the GUANXI NETWORK referring to th e connections that exist between Chinese people and companies scattered all around the world In order to attract foreign industry in SE China, 14 open coastal cities and 5 Special Economic Zones were set up. They allow tax grants which would give more profit and were in favourable locations, geographically, to work. Labour was 80% cheaper in these areas There was a large amount of FDI for the bulk of the 21st Century Receiving up to $50 million per year. In 2006 they veritable $63 billion, their highest recorded figure. Sustained growth of up to 10% one of the highest in the world. China became part of the WTO meaning that trade went from just over $250 billion to just under $1 trillion, almost multiply as they got greater access to global markets. Problems Dramatic gap between rich and poor vast rural/urban migration has left thousands in the countryside isolated as well as a decrease in agriculture meaning that poverty and famine has spread. Deterioration of environme nt and use of natural resources parasitic on the economy of the buyer Putting other populations before their own Development of two Chinas, east and westChongqing largest urban industrial city in the south-western part of china, 32 million people A major focus on migration and of the western development policy South of the Gorges Dam Population grows by 500,000 people a year Chicago of china Heavy industry dominates Large pollution problems, air sewage 2000 tonnes of waste a day India NIC driven by services Many people count on that the Indian service sector is driven by call centres however its involvement in the service sector it accounts for 50% of GDP as there is a high population of skilled workers. software product and IT companies have been attracted to India because- Second-largest English speaking human resource in the world Investment friendly and supportive government politics Good infrastructure for power, transport and data communication Worlds ordinal largest brain bank Stable democratic with over 50 year of independence Large market size Investment and tax incentives for exports in certain sectors such as electronics, telecom, software and RD The UK and USA has fuelled the service sector in India as Indians migrated to gain skills which they would take back to their home country. such(prenominal) skills were used to set up companies like Infosys which is now a TNC based in Bangalore. Bangalore has become the centre of ICT because- First state to set up engineering collages First t set up a technology university Grants and tax incentives for the IT industry 1991 software technology park was built Now over 6 technology parks Infosys one of the largest software companies in India Founded in 1981 and had first foreign clients by 1987 Overseas offices in Boston and in MK 455 of workforce based in Bangalore Growth in the 21st century Dubai An RIC Dubai is located in the United Arab Emirates Globally central as it is half way between capital of the United Kingdom and Sigapore Fastest growing economy Its economy boomed upon the discovery of oil in the 1960s. There was a growth of 300% between 1968 and 1975. There was rapid immigration. To make itself less dependent on oil, Dubai invested in new infrastructure which attracted FDI and now Dubais economy is heavily based around tourism as well as banking Oil and Gas currently occupy less than 5%. Borrowed money to fund many projects One of the countrys most effected by 2008 market crash, massive inflation problems Chinese and Indian banks brought a lot of Dubais debts Social problems Vast numbers of immigrants Poor working conditions, 20 hour day in some cases, because people took out loans to get to Dubai, and now due to little work they have to work all hours to get as much money as they can Live in poor conditions in tent cities out of the actual city Passports are taken by employers on arrival Environmental problems High electricity cost and rising carbon emissions sewerage because there is not enough water, as the city is in a desert, water is more expensive than oil Nuclear waste Adu Dhabi, must look to help out by providing solar capacity Countries facing low levels of economic development Nepal One of the poorest countries in the world 157/177 in HDI Its GDP per capita is also one of the lowest at $1,049 Shortage of energy, supplies Little money to spend on development due to relief little transport infrastructure, remote communities Mainly subsistence farming and tourism 78. 1% of the population live on less than $1. 25 a day Little education and health care victuals HIPC- Tanzania 40% of the population live below the poverty line HDI is ranked 152 Life expectancy is 58. 2 Annual GDP per capita is $800 75% of employment is based on agriculture Literacy rate is 64% Reasons for poverty Topography and climatic conditions limit cultivated crops to only 4% of the land area Industry- mainly r estrain to agricultural products and light consumer goods Dependant on agriculture which accounts for half of GDP Products include coffee, cotton, tea, tobacco, cashews and sisal which are highly competitive and have falling prices Tourism is booming especially in the National putting greens Attempts to help Government a national poverty eradicated strategy- to reduce abject poverty 50% by 2010 The World Bank, IMF and bilateral donors have provided funds to rehabilitate Tanzanias deteriorated economic infrastructure Structural Adjustment Policies, SAPs, poverty reduction strategy papers Vision 2025 programme set the goals of a high quality of livelihood by year 2025 peace, stability and unity a well educated society and a competitive economy based on sustainable growth and equity UN MDGs The results of attempts to help Tanzania Not improved quality of life Income and welfare indicators fell Even more dependent on foreign aid Increased environmental damage Pick up in ind ustrial practice including gold and natural gas Increase private sector growth Recent debt relief in Tanzania One of the poorest countries in Africa even though it had some of its international debt written off $3 billion will be discounted over the next 20 years Tanzanias total international borrowings of more than $7 billion Socio-Economic Groupings NAFTA USA, Canada, Mexico Set up in 1994 Aims To eliminate trade tariffs between the three countries, pushed by the establishment of other socio-economic groupings like the EU. Mexico saw it as the best option as it had built up debt in previous years. Pros Cons Trade between member countries tripled in the first 13 years. Canada has been affected by the US increase Increased employment in the USA as manufacturing grew Some US jobs have been lost as the plants have moved to Mexico Mexico got increased FDI as other countries wanted to locate inside Dumping in Mexico NAFTA. Mexico is being exploited because o less rigid pollut ion laws which affects surrounding countries EU 27 member states, set up in 1957 as the European Economic Community Aims Promote social and economic progress amongst member states Have more government influence Introduce EU citizenship Prevent war Create better laws Positive impacts Negative impacts Group activity on waste, pollution control and humour change Loss of sovereignty over some decisions Common currency Greece and Spain situation Large labour market due to ease of movement Sharing fishing grounds CAP support part of elite Peace in EU Small areas fell isolated Unilever TNC Set up in 1890 by William Hesker Lever, who owned a soap company which revolutionised Victorian hygiene Unilever was formed by the jointure of the Dutch margarine producer Margarine Unie as they had the common raw material palm oil In 1937 Lipton tea was acquired and in 1957 birds eye joined Colworth House facility near Sharnbrook continued research efforts in food preservation, anim al nutrition and health problems associated with toothpaste, shampoo and other personal products. It is one of several R D centres In 2008, the companies had over 300 manufacturing sites in more than 100 countries across every continent Unilever employs over 170,000 people and has annual company revenue of over $50 billion in 2007. Unilever has had problems with animal testing, child labour and deforestation due to the use of palm oil CAFOD- long term and short term aid Aims are to promote long-term development respond to emergencies raise public awareness of the causes of poverty speak out on behalf of poor communities and promote social justiceLong-term aid Improving food availability and farming methods Helping to provide improved shelter Health care and education Developing better livelihoods and improving income Short-term aid Provide aid to hazard stricken countries Set up temporary shelters for those left homeless Democratic Republic of Congo (Kinshasa Goma), Ethi opia, Kenya Swaziland top Down Aid Top down development is usually difficult as often hundreds of thousands of peoples needs need to be catered for and it is difficult to satisfy everyone. The ideal goal is a communist state with a one size fits all approach. Swaziland is in Southern Africa. It is ranked very low in the world for human development. Many individual concerns to deal with which weakened the country, AIDs, famine and drought. The number of orphans was increasing as the death rate did correspondingly. Several branches of the United Nations which were trying to help them such as the UN food programme, and a many NGOs. They were distributing imported food to hundreds of thousands of people which was ultimately a good thing. However, the farmers of the local area were not able to sell the produce that they grew Therefore not able to take advantage of the wet season that blessed them. There was also a state of dependency difficult to draw the line between those w ho should receive aid and those who did not. Other top down aid include large scale projects such as building dams and HEP stations like those proposed in Nepal, this can lead to the loss of valuable farm land and can limit the water downstream, leading to widespread droughts. Nepal, FoST Bottom Up Aid Foundation of sustainable technologies Treats people as individuals with ideas and creativity. Due to the lack of energy in Nepal and the reliance on wood, leading to deforestation and help problems in the home due to the amounts of crapper Subsides the purchase of products including solar cookers and no-smoke indoor cookers Educates people on how to make briquettes, which produce no smoke from waste, to prevent deforestation However there are limited resources to make the solar cookers and there for they are limited and rely on donations Not every community has the money to buy the equipment or has access to purpose out about products Not sustainable in the long run if the donations stop Overall top down and bottom up development are both ways of narrowing the development gap, the gap between rich and poor countries. Both, like anything in life have pros and cons however the possible way forward is through micro-credit loans which give people the credit and respect that they deserve.This creates a successful and sustainable way of life and helps to lift individuals out of poverty. Economic vs. Environmental Sustainability Holes talk Economic Environmental High unemployment especially in Hamworthy gate Ramsar and SSSI sites rare birds and invertebrates 30 Ha of unused land, power station site second largest natural harbor in the world Poor access to Poole town centre The construction of the reduplicate sails bridge Environment- direct flow around the support pillars of the bridge causing deposition behind the pillars, May affect the tidal flats within holes bay, and Poole harbour Sediment becoming trapped within Holes bay building up the marsh es Tidal salt marshes, to the build up of humus causing the build up of peat rising the level of the and creating fresh water marshes within Holes bay Poole harbours marshes could decrease in size Destroying many habitats for birds invertebrates and plants alike. Economic- Greatly over budget with its total cost coming in at over ? 37m Engineers spotted a large crack in the surface of the bridge making it unsuitable for use The development of the power station site will also cause an increase drain on local recourses such as schools and the area might not be able to cope, Increase the flow of traffic over the bridges. Not enough jobs generated in the area Increased population density and increased unemployment. Increased crime Brazil- Curitiba 2 million people in the population city wide service to recycle products Recycling and garbage system prevent waste issues, organic and nonorganic, with two different trucks for different types of rubbish The rubbish is sorted and distributed and reused this means that 2/3 of rubbish is recycled It also creates more jobs to help reduce unemployment Jaime Lerner, was an architect and later became mayor and designed the current layout of Curitiba The city has changed from being an agricultural area to a more industrial city Flood problems have also been puzzle out by building the parks on the flood plains and making artificial river banks around them this also prevents diddlyshit and slums appearing in the parks Is home to many multinational industries, such as Nissan, Renault, Volkswagen, Audi, Volvo, HSBC, Siemens, ExxonMobil, Electrolux and Kraft Foods The per capita income for the city is $ 17,977 Sustainable tourism Nepal concentrated in certain areas such as Khumbu, Chitwan National Park, Annapurna National Park and the Sagarmartha National Park, The number of tourists increasing from 526,705 in 2007 to 710,547 in 2011, Actions must be taken in order to preserve Nepal. Problems with air polluti on from the transport of tourists and fires getting trapped in the valleys due to the high mountains Increased demand for water and food supplies, taking away goods from the locals The same tracks are used by all of the tourists, erosion and destabilises the soil Increased the risk of landslides. Some tourists are also not respectful of peoples culture and the wildlife Poor sewage disposal Khumbu region problem with the amount of waste generated by trekking teams 500kg per team all waste must be taken down the mountain rubbish there have been clean up operations carried out during training and acclimatisation time of people who wish to climb Mt. Everest for people to pay the Sherpas to carry down peoples rubbish Nepalese Government has begun charging deposits on tourists and are only returned if groups bring down their own rubbish Nepalese Government that they should limit the number of tourists Dismissed as it has been concluded that this will bring more harm than good, by limiting one of the countrys biggest industries they could face increased widespread poverty. Kenya, Kigio Tourism is the 2nd largest contributor of GNP subsequently agriculture. One example of where agriculture has been replaced by tourism is Kigio. Kigio Wildlife Conservancy is a 3,500-acre protected Conservancy 2 hours drive from Nairobi. Originally a cattle ranch, sold by the family to the local community who after a few years decided to forgo cattle ranching in favour of wildlife conservation. The community now receives a regular income Conservancy fee each guest pays helps towards the maintenance of the conservancy. Wide ranging habitats Many wild animals, honey badger, and over 200 bird species Protecting nearly 100 species of indigenous plant species which are being destroyed outside the conservancy. The Conservancy is at the forefront of ecotourism in the Rift Valley lakes area.Guests are encouraged to participate in low impact activities o guided nature/bird w alks, o cycling, fishing o Day or night game drives are conducted in open-sided 44 vehicles Lodges work closely with the local community and support several enterprises, schools and an orphanage. Guests can visit a group of widows that craft sisal baskets, a group that makes jewellery from recycled paper and a rug weaving factory. The lodges only sell what is made by the community and pay a fair price. A large percentage of the price is donated to the community fund. Every year, children from the local community and schools are invited to participate in ecotourism workshops To protect and improve their environment.

Introduction to Interview and Interrogation Essay

This paper that I am just ab kayoed to write is a case study on a juvenile confession. When I read this write up it re all in ally daunted me that young people confess when they get in front of high authority people eve if they didnt do anything. Are these so called rectitudeyers, attorneys and prosecutors, scaring these young people so much that they tell them things to prevail them confess?Well after reading this story, I have realized that this has happened more than once, and is becoming to be a pattern with some of these big shot people that are supposed to take the law seriously and help those in need, not make the ones in need of help scared half(prenominal) to death to ask us for it. On November 7, 1994, in the neighborhood of Englewood, on the south side of Chicago, a worker was outside cleaning up behind a liquor store and when he went to the dumpster to typeset the garbage in, he form the body of an African American woman who was badly beaten.When the woman was id entified, the represent out that she was a prostitute and her name was Nina Glover. At the scene of the crime, the policed interviewed a male who was a house physician of the neighborhood, his name was Johnny Douglas. He denied that he knew the victim so the police let him go. instanter quadruplet months after finding this woman in the dumpster, the police had no leads but someone called them and gave them a tip, so they acted on it.They arrested quaternary African American teenagers, (Vincent Thames, Terrill Swift, Harold Richardson and Michael Saunders) for questioning and according to Detective James Cassidy, after interviewing the quadruplet, he verbalise that all of them voluntarily confessed to the murder, saying that they all foursome took turns raping Nina Glover before they actually murdered her. Now deoxyribonucleic acid testing excluded these four teenagers as the source of se custody that was recovered from Glovers body, and all four boys claimed that the confe ssions that they had given had been coerced.See more how to start an essayEven with that said the boys were sentenced based on the sign-language(a) statements with such detail that they had given about their involvement. In return the jury convicted them each a prison term that ranged up to 30 to 40 course of studys each. The media and the world had given these four teenagers, a crowd name that would seem to last and latch on to them forever, the Englewood Four. In the year of 2010, two of the boys had requested go STR which DNA is testing that comes a immense with a database search of the genetic profiles f culpables. The test were opposed by the Cook County prosecutors because contending whatever was done, the trial court judgments were said to be final. Finally, a judge heard about what was being asked, and he ordered it to be done and when he did, the results came back in May and the results were stunning. The DNA matched a person that the cops had interviewed right at the crime scene when it happened, none new(prenominal) than Johnny Douglas. So, with that said and done, the four teenagers had to be ruled out and exonerated.As the four young men in a flash, families waited for them to come home, they were cause to give them a big welcome or so it seemed until the States Attorney Anita Alvarez proclaimed that she would vigorously fight their release that they had just been granted. Now Johnny Douglas was a man with a long history of preying on prostitutes. He besides had a rap sheet that was really impressive he had 38 convictions, including murder and sexual assault. In the year 2008, someone shot him to death. There were a quite a little of questions after the exoneration of the four boys and some of those questions were seriously to be thought about?For instance How did these four confess to crimes that they did not commit? wherefore did the DNA testing take so long? Why has the states attorney of Cook County Anita Alveraz, persistently fou ght justice for the four? Last but not least, how could the teenagers have provided so many details about the crime if they didnt commit it? Meanwhile, while all these questions surfaced, Alveraz had her own theory as to what happened at the scene of the crime. She tells us that she thinks that Douglas had sex, unprotected with Glover, left her, without harm and after on she was raped and murdered by the Englewood four. Alveraz as well said that Douglas didnt kill every other prostitute that he had ever been with, and that DNA evidence in and of itself isnt always the silver slug that its sometimes perceived to be Where does this detective Cassidy fit into this? Well as I unbroken on reading this story, I realized that he was the detective that actually was the one questioning the four boys and what he said, was the reason they were convicted because he said they confessed to him. Well, turns out that old detective Cassidy also had a rap sheet of his own.In 1994, the year before this case, the detective had taken a confession from and 11 year old African American boy who was supposed to murder an elderly white woman on the southwest side of Chicago. A federal judge listened to the confession and concluded that his statement had been coerced and the conviction was tossed out the door and the judge ordered the childs record to be immediately expunged. Again in 1998, detective Cassidy was back, now this time he had another high profile confession with 2 African American boys ages 7 and 8.They admitted killing and 11 year old Ryan Harris and dumping her body out in a backyard. All of this is what Cassidy claims that they said. These two confessions created a national furor over pre-adolescent crime until the authorities found semen in the little girls panties. They automatically dropped the charges and they did later on secure a confession from an adult male about this case. Now after all of this Cassidy is no longer up to(p) to be active on the force. They h ad him reassigned to the Medical Examiners Office, and now his job is to obtain confessions from the of late departed.Now in my opinion, I would have told him to pack his stuff and go as far absent from Cook County as possible and he is to never be able to practice law enforcement again. This story also hits home for me as well, my husband was involved in the wrong group of people, and he also lives in Cook County. He was involved in gang life and all of that, something happened (Im not going to go into all the details) but to make a long story short, he also had to plead guilty to something that he did not do and he did the time for it.The point here is, these boys were imitative accused and they were scared into a confession that they didnt do but landed them into prison. So I have found out that 76 wrongful convictions in Cook County since the advent of DNA testing, 25 were based ion suspects admitting to crimes they didnt commit, according to the Center on Wrongful Conviction s at Northwestern University. So now the Englewood Four, as theyve been dubbed, await a decision by the prosecutors whether they will be re-tried or not. These Four men were cleared by DNA evidence that linked the state and the system to a career criminal in this particular crime.

ITM501 MoD 3 SLP the internet as social media Essay

ITM501 MoD 3 SLP the internet as social media - Essay ExampleIt is interesting to note that Twitter was never designed with the intention of cosmos apply as a social media website. It was primarily designed as an instant messaging communication computer program with a client company. The company touts of having approximately 140 million active users as in 2012 and being the ninth/tenth most visited website (Bullas) (Webneel, 2013). Its initial success is attributed to the novelty of the platform which came as breakthrough from differents such(prenominal) as Facebook and Orkut. Over the period, Twitter has added features such as expand sufficient embraces and Twitpics to enhance user capture. I name the Twitter platform relatively straightforward and simple. This is because of the companys usage of features such as the dramatize and Tweet buttons, search choice and embeddable Tweets (Ellin, 2011, Twitter Developers, 2013). The feature of embeddable tweets is particularly use ful as it allows users to convey a brief story through a line of code or mainstaywords that can help others get the story by searching for it anywhere on the web (Ellin, 2011). I was able to generate bewitching amount of political and general discussion regarding recent economic events in U.S by simply quoting the key words and getting connected with others to shargond views on similar topics. Also, these short stories compare with Facebooks experimental condition updates although the reference properties of the former make it easy to share the stories/updates. Twitter overly offers tremendous support for bloggers including its witness domain Twitter Blogs with RSS feeds support and easy integration of Twitter content onto blogs using the embeddable tweets. However, my use of embeddable tweets was excuse fairly simple considering that I am not a blogger and cannot possibly use it on platforms other than Twitter and Facebook. Furthermore, in order to counter its competitors in cluding LinkedIn, Twitter has introduced Twellow which allows people to search for other people on Twitter via their expertise or occupations. I found this particularly useful for finding my colleagues and connecting with them on Twitter. It also allowed me to find old friends (with whom I hadnt recently been in touch) and connect with them. Various categories including Recreation, Entertainment, Culture, Computers, Sports and Government are listed which allows users of similar taste to group themselves and share content (iEntry, 2013). This is a useful application of the famous show birds of feather flock together. However, the Twitter experience was a bit more complex than my experience with Facebook as it took a lot of time making sense of the features. At the very least, discovering how to actually tweet was complex as tags had to be used for creating the story. Furthermore, it was monotonous to merely tweet and not engage in other interactive content such as games. On the othe r hand, the twit pic option compares with other platforms such as Instagram by offering the latest trending pictures (Twitpic, Inc., 2013). I was able to view some(prenominal) personal life photographs of my favorite celebrities such as Kim Kardishans baby- North. With just one click, I was able to view all photographs uploaded by Kim Kardishan on her official twitter account along with the